List of extinct plants
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The following is a list of extinct plants.
Contents |
[edit] Prehistoric extinctions
Further information: Paleobotany
[edit] Silurian
- Baragwanathia (Species into the Devonian)
- Cooksonia
- Rhynia
- Tortilicaulis (straddles Silurian-Devonian boundary)
[edit] Devonian
- Archaeopteris (one species into the Carboniferous)
- Drepanophycus
- Protosalvinia
- Psilophyton
- Sphenophyllum
- Wattieza
[edit] Carboniferous
- Annularia
- Sigillaria
- Lepidodendron
- Calamites
- Sphenophyllum
[edit] Permian
- Cordaites
- Glossopteris
- Sphenophyllum
[edit] Triassic
- Araucarioxylon[1]
- Caytoniales (extinct at the end of the Cretaceous)
- Cladophlebis
- Zamites
- Brachyphyllum
- Pleuromeia
- Pannaulika
- Sphenophyllum
[edit] Jurassic
- Araucaria mirabilis[2]
- Araucarites sanctaecrucis[2]
- Baiera
- Coniopteris
- Cycadeoidea
- Czekanowskia
- Eboracia
- Gleichenites
- Neocalamites
- Nilssonia
- Pararaucaria patagonica[2]
- Pterophyilum
- Schmeissneria
[edit] Cretaceous
- Archaeamphora (Northeastern China)
- Archaeanthus
- Archaefructus
- Ephedrites
- Liaoningocladus
- Palaeoaldrovanda (Czech Republic)
- Pagiophyllum
- Pityocladus
- Podozamites
- Sagaria (Southern Italy)
- Sphenobaiera
- Williamsonia
- Williamsoniella
[edit] Paleocene
- Banksieaeidites (Australia) (species through the Miocene)
- Pinus peregrinus (Golden Valley Formation)
[edit] Eocene
- Azolla primaeva (British Columbia, Canada)
- Abies milleri (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)
- Banksia archaeocarpa (Australia)
- Chamaecyparis eureka (Axel Heiberg Island, Canada)
- Corylus johnsonii (Washington, USA)[3]
- Dillhoffia (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)
- Nelumbo aureavallis (North Dakota, USA)
- Peltandra primaeva (North Dakota, USA)
- Pinus peregrinus (North Dakota, USA)
- Saxonipollis ("East Germany")
- Tilia johnsoni (Washington, USA)
- Trochodendron nastae (Washington, USA)
[edit] Oligocene
- Banksia novae-zelandiae (South Island, New Zealand) (Straddles the Oligocene-Miocene boundary)
[edit] Miocene
- Carya washingtonensis (Washington State)
- Droserapites (Taiwan)
- Droserapollis (Taiwan)
- Hymenaea protera (Dominican Republic)
- Palaeoraphe (Dominican Republic)
- Roystonea palaea (Dominican Republic)
[edit] Pliocene
[edit] Pleistocene
- Banksia kingii (Western Tasmania)
- Banksia strahanensis (Western Tasmania)
[edit] Modern extinctions
[edit] Africa
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- Acalypha rubrinervis (1870, Saint Helena)
- Usambara Annone – Anonidium usambarense (1910, Tanzania)
- Byttneria ivorensis (1896, Côte d'Ivoire)
- Coffea lemblinii (1907, Côte d'Ivoire)
- Dryopteris ascensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Erythrina schliebenii (1938, Tanzania)
- Saint Helena Heliotrope – Heliotropium pannifolium (1808, Saint Helena)
- Saint Helena Olive – Nesiota elliptica (2003, Saint Helena)
- Oldenlandia adscensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Orchidea eupolyanthis (1910, Cameroon)
- Pausinystalia brachythyrsum (1898, Cameroon)
- Silphium — Ferula ? (c. 50, Cyrene)
- Sporobolus durus (1886, Ascension Island)
- Saint Helena Ebony – Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (1771, Saint Helena)
[edit] Americas
- Galapagos Amaranth – Blutaparon rigidum (1999, Galápagos Ecuador)
- Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Campomanesia lundiana (1825, Brazil)
- Casearia quinduensis (1997, Colombia)
- Rio de Janeiro Sapota – Chrysophyllum januariense (1997, Brazil)
- Havana Fragrant Tree – Cnidoscolus fragrans (1840, Cuba)
- Santa Cruz Bryophyte – Flabellidium spinosum (1911, Bolivia)
- Cuban Ruta Tree – Galipea ossana (1825, Cuba)
- Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Gomidesia cambessedeana (1825, Brazil)
- Cuban Guettarda Tree – Guettarda retusa (1975, Cuba)
- Cuban Holly – Ilex ternatiflora (1950, Cuba)
- Licania caldasiana (1997, Colombia)
- Mason River Myrtle – Myrcia skeldingii (1972, Jamaica)
- Hastings County Neomacounia – Neomacounia nitida (1864, Canada)
- Extinct spruce - Picea critchfieldi (Late Pleistocene, North America)
- Rio de Janeiro Pouteria – Pouteria stenophylla (1997, Brazil)
- Cajamarca Pradosia – Pradosia argentea (1820, Peru)
- Rio de Janeiro Pradosia – Pradosia glaziovii (1997, Brazil)
- Colombian Pradosia – Pradosia mutisii (1925, Colombia)
- Jamaican Psidium – Psidium dumetorum (1976, Jamaica)
- Juan Fernandez Santalum – Santalum fernandezianum (1908, Chile)
- Thismia americana – Thismia americana (1916, Chicago, IL, USA)
[edit] Asia
- Adiantum lianxianense (Guangdong, China)
- Sri Lanka Legume Tree – Crudia zeylanica (1990, Sri Lanka)
- Kerala Legume Tree – Cynometra beddomei (1870, India)
- Sumatra Dipterocarpus – Dipterocarpus cinereus (1996, Sumatera, Indonesia)
- Arunchal Hopea Tree – Hopea shingkeng (1996, India)
- Nilgiri Holly – Ilex gardneriana (1859, India)
- Karnataka Sapota – Madhuca insignis (1900, India)
- Hainan Ormosia – Ormosia howii (1997, Southern China)
- Hainan Otophora – Otophora unilocularis (1935, Hainan, China)
- Pluchea glutinosa (19th Century, Yemen)
- Psiadia schweinfurthii (19th Century, Yemen)
- Sarawak Shorea – Shorea cuspidata (1996, Malaysia)
- Meghalaya Sterculia – Sterculia khasiana (1877, India)
- Valerianella affinis (19th century, Yemen)
- Courtallum Wendlandia – Wendlandia angustifolia (1997, India)
- Woolly-stalked Begonia - Begonia eiromischa (20th century, Penang, Malaysia)
[edit] Europe
- Astragalus nitidiflorus (1909, Spain)
- Italian Bryophyte – Radula visiniaca (1938, Italy)
- Cry Pansy – Viola cryana (1933, France)
[edit] Oceania
See also: List of extinct flora of Australia
- Hawaii Chaff Flower – Achyranthes atollensis (1964, Hawaiian Is.)
- Argyroxiphium virescens (1996, Hawaiian Is.)
- Casearia tinifolia (1976, Mauritius)
- Clermontia multiflora (1871, Hawaiian Is.)
- New Calodonia Sapinda – Cupaniopsis crassivalvis (1869, New Caledonia)
- Haleakala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea arborea (1928, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea comata (late 19th century, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea cylindrocalyx (1909, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea dolichopoda (1990, Hawaiian Is.)
- Giffard's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea giffardii (1917, Hawaiian Is.)
- Mark's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea marksii (1900, Hawaiian Is.)
- Pohaku Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pohaku (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Kohala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pycnocarpa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oak-leaved Cyanea Tree – Cyanea quercifolia (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Dracaena umbraculifera (Mauritius)
- Taravai Aster Tree – Fitchia mangarevensis (1997, Taravai, French Polynesia)
- Moorea Laurel – Hernandia drakeana (1997, French Polynesia)
- Kawaihae Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus bombycinus (1868, Hawaiian Is.)
- Puhielelu Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus (1981, Hawaiian Is.)
- Auwahi Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus wilderianus (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oahu Kokia – Kokia lanceolata (1888, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cross-bearing Pelea – Melicope cruciata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Maui Ruta Tree – Melicope haleakalae (1919, Hawaiian Is.)
- Obovate Melicope – Melicope obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Nuku Hiva Neisosperma – Neisosperma brownii (1997, French Polynesia)
- Fatu Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia fatuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Nuku Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia nukuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Tahiti Ochrosia – Ochrosia tahitensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Hawaii Ruta Tree – Pelea obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Koé Stenocarpus – Stenocarpus dumbeensis (1905, New Caledonia)
- Norfolk Island Streblorrhiza – Streblorrhiza speciosa (1997, Norfolk Island)
- Fijian Weinmannia – Weinmannia spiraeoides (1840, Fiji)
- Skottsberg's Wikstroemia – Wikstroemia skottsbergiana (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Hakeakala Wikstroemia – Wikstoemia villosa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Prony Bay Xanthostemon – Xanthostemon sebertii (1869, New Caledonia)
[edit] Plants extinct in the wild
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[edit] Africa
- St. Helena Roundleaf Gumwood – (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (Saint Helena)
- Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (South Africa)
- Encephalartos nubimontanus (South Africa)
- Encephalartos relictus (Swaziland)
- Encephalartos woodii (South Africa)
- St. Helena Redwood – (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon) (Saint Helena)
[edit] Americas
- Cosmos atrosanguineus (Mexico)
- Csapodya splendens (syn. Deppea splendens) (Mexico)
- Root-spine Palm – (Cryosophila williamsii) (Honduras)
- Cuban Erythroxylum – (Erythroxylum echinodendron) (Cuba)
- Franklin Tree – (Franklinia alatamaha) (Georgia, U.S.)
- Laelia gouldiana (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria glochidiata) (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria guillauminiana) (Mexico)
- Rio de Janeiro Terminalia – (Terminalia acuminata) (Brazil)
[edit] Asia
- India Monocarpic Palm – (Corypha taliera) - (Bengal)
- Pallasana Spurge – (Euphorbia mayurnathanii) (India)
- Yunnan Malva – (Firmiana major) (Yunnan, China)
- Kalimantan Mango – (Mangifera casturi) (Kalimantan, Indonesia)
- Sarawak Mango – (Mangifera rubropetala) (Kalimantan & Sumatra)
- Kanehira Azalea – (Rhododendron kanehirai) (Taiwan)
- Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey)
[edit] Europe
- Szaferi Birch – (Betula szaferi) (Poland)
- Lysimachia minoricensis (Spain)
- Lotus berthelotii (Canary Islands)
[edit] Oceania
- Cyanea pinnatifida (Hawaiian Is.)
- Royal Cyanea Tree – (Cyanea superba) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Punaluu Cyanea – (Cyanea truncata) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Fuzzyflower Cyrtandra – (Cyrtandra waiolani) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Hemiandra rutilans (Australia)
- Cooke's Kokia – (Kokia cookei) (Hawaiian Is)
- Toromiro – (Sophora toromiro) (Easter Island, Chile)
[edit] Extinct plant cultivars
- Ansault - pear cultivar
- Semper Augustus - a tulip from the days of tulip mania
- Taliaferro - apple cultivar
- Viceroy - tulip traded during tulip mania
[edit] Plants previously thought extinct and subsequently rediscovered
See Lazarus species
- Badula ovalifolia – from Mauritius. Known in 1830's; collected in 1970 and 1997 but misidentified (Page and D'Argent 1997, IUCN report)/confirmed identity in 2008 (Florens et al, Kew Bulletin)
- Café marron (Ramosmania rodriguesii) - rediscovered on Rodrigues in 1979
- Jellyfish tree (Medusagyne oppositifolia) - rediscovered in Seychelles in the 1970s
- Sichuan Thuja – (Thuja sutchuenensis) – rediscovered 1999 (Sichuan, China)
- Gibraltar Campion (Silene tomentosa) - rediscovered on Gibraltar in 1994
[edit] Extinct algae
- Bennett's Seaweed - Vanvoorstia bennettiana - a red alga. (1886, Australia)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ F. H. Knowlton (1889), "New species of fossil wood (Araucarioxylon arizonicum) from Arizona and New Mexico", Proceedings of the United States National Museum
- ^ a b c Mary Gordon Calder (1953). "A coniferous petrified forest in Patagonia". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Geology (The British Museum) 2 (2): 97–138. http://ia600301.us.archive.org/3/items/bulletinofbritis02geollond/bulletinofbritis02geollond.pdf.
- ^ Pigg, K.B.; Manchester S.R. & Wehr W.C. (2003). "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (5): 807–822.
[edit] Further reading
- The Evolution of Plants, by K. J. Willis, J. C. McElwain, Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0198500653
- Principles and Practice of Plant Conservation, by David R. Given, Timber Press, 1995. ISBN 0881922498
- Earth WitnessCommunity - Extinct Plants Page One Earth Witness Community (accessed 19 October 2005)
[edit] External links
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