List of former Muslims
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a list of notable people who have been Muslims part of their lives, but left Islam for another religion or a non-religious worldview.
Contents |
[edit] Converted to a different Abrahamic religion
[edit] Converted to Christianity
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa – Central African Republic Emperor (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[2]
- Ahmed Barzani – Head of Barzani Tribe in Iraqi Kurdistan.[3]
- Ibrahim Njoya – Bamum people religion; back and forth conversions from Islam to Christianity.[4] Also created his own religion.[5]
- Eldridge Cleaver – Conversions/Associations to Nation of Islam then Evangelical Christianity then Mormonism.[6][7]
- Aslan Abashidze – Former leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Georgia.[8]
- Rotimi Adebari, first Black mayor in Ireland[9]
- Mehmet Ali Agca – Turkish ultra-nationalist assassin, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. In early 2009, Agca renounced Islam in prison and announced his intention to convert to the Catholic faith upon release.[10][11]
- Bahaa el-Din Ahmed Hussein el-Akkad – Former Egyptian Muslim sheikh.[12]
- Magdi Allam – Italy's most famous Islamic affairs journalist.[13]
- Hussain Andaryas – Afghan Christian activist and tele-evangelist.[14]
- Josephine Bakhita – Roman Catholic saint from Darfur, Sudan.[15]
- Sarah Balabagan – Filipina prisoner in the United Arab Emirates during 1994 – 96.[16]
- Fathima Rifqa Bary – American teenager of Sri Lankan descent who drew international attention in 2009 when she ran away from home and claimed that her Muslim parents might kill her for having converted to Christianity.[17]
- Abo of Tiflis – Christian activist and the Patron Saint of the city of Tbilisi, Georgia.[18]
- Don Juan of Persia – Late 16th and early 17th century figure in Iran and Spain.[19]
- Utameshgaray of Kazan – Khan of Kazan Khanate.[20]
- Yadegar Moxammat of Kazan – Last khan of Kazan Khanate.[20]
- Sayed Borhan khan – Khan of Qasim Khanate from 1627 to 1679.[20]
- Simeon Bekbulatovich – Khan of Qasim Khanate.[20]
- The Sibirsky family – The foremost of many Genghisid (Shaybanid) noble families formerly living in Russia.[21]
- Maria Temryukovna – Circassian princess, and second wife to Ivan IV of Russia who was born in a Muslim upbringing, and baptised into the Russian Orthodox Church on August 21, 1561.[22]
- The Shihab family – Prominent Lebanese noble family. The family originally belonged to Sunni Islam and converted to Christianity at the end of the 18th century.[23]
- Jacob Frank – 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi, and also of King David. Frank publicly converted to Islam in 1757 and later to Christianity at Poland in 1759, but actually presented himself as the Messiah of a syncretic derivation of Shabbatai Zevi's Messianism now referred to as Frankism.[24]
- Walid Shoebat – American author and former member of the PLO.[25]
- Hassan Dehqani-Tafti – Anglican Bishop of Iran from 1961 to 1990.[26]
- Ibrahim Ben Ali – Soldier, physician and one of the earliest American settlers of Turkish origin.[27]
- Bob Denard – French soldier and mercenary leader. Converted from Catholicism to Judaism, then Islam and eventually back to Catholicism.[28]
- Nonie Darwish – Egyptian-American writer and public speaker.[29]
- Mehdi Dibaj – Iranian pastor and Christian activist.[30]
- Ghorban Tourani – Former Iranian Sunni Muslim who became a Christian minister. Following multiple murder threats , he was abducted and murdered on November 22, 2005.[31]
- St. George El Mozahem - A coptic saint[32][33][34]
- Patrick Sookhdeo – British Anglican canon[35]
- Mark A. Gabriel- Egyptian writer[36]
- Akbar Gbaja-Biamila – American football player.[37][38]
- Alexander Kazembek – Russian Orientalist, historian and philologist of Azeri origin .[39]
- Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila – American football player.[37]
- Qadry Ismail – Former American football player.[40]
- Raghib Ismail – Former American football player.[41]
- Tunch Ilkin – Former American football player.[42]
- Lina Joy – Malaysian convert to Christianity. The desire to have her conversion recognized was the subject of a court case in Malaysia.[43]
- Carlos Menem – Former President of Argentina. Raised a Muslim but converted to Roman Catholicism, the official religion of Argentina, due to his political aspirations.[44]
- Marina Nemat – Canadian author of Iranian descent and former political prisoner of the Iranian government. Born into a Christian family, she converted to Islam in order to avoid execution but later reverted to Christianity.[45]
- George Weah – Liberian soccer player (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[46]
- Momolu Dukuly – Liberian foreign minister.[47]
- Nazli Sabri – Queen consort of Egypt.[48]
- James Scurry – British soldier and statesman.[49]
- Begum Samru – Powerful lady of north India, ruling a large area from Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh.[51]
- Abdul Rahman – Afghan convert to Christianity who escaped the death penalty because of foreign pressure.[52]
- Youcef Nadarkhani - Iranian Christian pastor who has been sentenced to death for apostasy.[53]
- Mathieu Kérékou- President of Benin (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity).[54]
- Sheikh Deen Muhammad – British Indian traveller, surgeon and entrepreneur who introduced shampooing and the Indian take-away curry house restaurant in Britain, and was the first Indian to have written a book in the English language.[55][56]
- Kitty Kirkpatrick – Daughter of James Achilles Kirkpatrick, British Resident in Hyderabad and Khair-un-Nissa, a Hyderabadi noblewoman.[57]
- Emily Ruete – (born Sayyida Salme) Princess of Zanzibar and Oman.[58][59][60]
- Emir Kusturica – a Serbian and Yugoslavian filmmaker and actor.[50][61]
- Daniel Ali- Iraqi Kurdish Christian author and speaker; evangelizes in Catholic, Protestant and Messianic Jewish circles.[62][63]
- Fernão Lopez – Portuguese nobleman, soldier and the first known permanent inhabitant of the remote Island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[64]
- Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky – Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia.[65]
- Umar ibn Hafsun – Leader of anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Iberia. Hafsun converted to Christianity with his sons and ruled over several mountain valleys for nearly forty years, having the castle Bobastro as his residence.[66]
- Casilda of Toledo – Saint of the Roman Catholic Church.[67]
- Saint Alodia and Saint Nunilo – Christian martyrs and confessors who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[68]
- Aurelius and Natalia – Christian martyrs who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[69]
- Johannes Avetaranian – (born Muhammad Shukri Efendi), Christian missionary and Turkish descendent of Prophet Muhammad.[70]
- Paul Mulla – Turkish scholar and professor of Islamic Studies at the Pontifical Oriental Institute.[71]
- Hamid Pourmand – Former Iranian army colonel and lay leader of the Jama'at-e Rabbani, the Iranian branch of the Assemblies of God church in Iran.[72]
- Donald Fareed – Iranian Christian tele-evangelist and minister.[73]
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross- Counter-terrorism expert and attorney (from Judaism to Islam to Christianity).[74][75]
- Zachariah Anani – Former Sunni Muslim Lebanese militia fighter[76]
- Malika Oufkir – Author, activist and former prisoner of the Moroccan Royal Family.[77]
- Ruffa Gutierrez – Filipina actress, model and former beauty queen (from Christianity to Islam back to Christianity)[78]
- Fadhma Aït Mansour – Mother of French writers Jean Amrouche and Taos Amrouche.[79]
- Imad ud-din Lahiz – Prolific Islamic writer, preacher and Quranic translator.[80]
- Dr. Nur Luke – Uyghur Bible translator.[81]
- Hakan Tastan and Turan Topal – Two Turkish Christian converts who went on trial in 2006, on charges of "allegedly insulting 'Turkishness' and inciting religious hatred against Islam".[82]
- Mohammed Hegazy – First Egyptian Muslim convert to Christianity to seek official recognition of his conversion from the Egyptian Government.[83]
- Francis Bok – Sudanese-American activist, convert to Islam from Christianity; but later returned to his Christian faith.[84]
- Josef Mässrur – (born Ghäsim Khan) missionary to Chinese Turkestan with the Mission Union of Sweden.[85]
- Gulshan Esther – Pakistani convert from Islam to Christianity.[86]
- Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh – Brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, the wife of Prophet Muhammad and one of the male Sahaba (companions of the Prophet).[87]
- Jabalah ibn al-Aiham – last ruler of the Ghassanid state in Syria and Jordan in the seventh century AD. After the Islamic conquest of Levant he converted to Islam in AD 638. He reverted to Christianity later on and lived in Anatolia until he died in AD 645.[88]
- Constantine the African – Baghdad-educated Muslim who died in 1087 as a Christian monk at Monte Cassino.[89][90]
- Estevanico – Berber originally from Morocco and one of the early explorers of the Southwestern United States.[91]
- Abraham of Bulgaria – Martyr and saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.[92]
- St. Adolphus – Christian martyr who was put to death along with his brother, John, by Abd ar-Rahman II, Caliph of Córdoba for apostasy.[95]
- Nasir Siddiki – Canadian evangelist, author, and business consultant.[96]
- Matthew Ashimolowo – Nigerian-born British pastor and evangelist.[97]
- Michał Czajkowski – Polish-Cossack writer and political emigre who worked both for the resurrection of Poland and the reestablishment of a Cossack Ukraine.[98]
- Stefan Razvan – Gypsy prince who ruled Moldavia for six months in 1595.[99]
- Skanderbeg – Albanian monarch and military leader. Skanderbeg converted to Islam from Christianity but reverted back to Christianity later in life.[1]
- Amir Sjarifuddin – Indonesian socialist leader who later became the second prime minister of Indonesia during its National Revolution.[100]
- Dr.Thomas Yayi Boni – President of Benin.[101]
- Al-Mu'eiyyad – Abbasid prince and third son of Abbasid caliph, Al-Mutawakkil. He was converted to Christianity along with his three confidants by St. Theodore of Edessa, accepting the name "John" upon baptism.[102][103]
- Aben Humeya – (born Fernando de Valor) Morisco Chief who was crowned the Emir of Andalusia by his followers and led the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain.[104]
- Rudolf Carl von Slatin – Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan.[105]
- Shams Pahlavi – Iranian princess and the elder sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran.[106]
- Saye Zerbo – President of the republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso).[107]
- Zaida of Seville – Refugee Andalusian Muslim princess who was a mistress and then perhaps queen of Alfonso VI of Castile.[108]
- Djibril Cissé – footballer for club and country.[109][110]
- Sedar Dedeoglu – a Turk who claims to be a descendant of Islam's prophet Muhammad has converted to Christianity while living in Germany.[111]
- Majeed Rashid Mohammed – a Kurdish Christian convert from Islam. He established a network with former Kurdish Muslims with about 2,000 members today.[112]
- Muhsin Muhammad – Football player for Carolina Panthers[113]
- Josephine Bakhita – [15]
- Taysir Abu Saada - a former member of the PLO and the founder of the christian ministry Hope For Ishmael after he converted to christianity. He was Yasir Arafat's personal driver.[114][115]
[edit] Converted to Judaism
- Reza Jabari – Israeli of Iranian birth who hijacked a flight between Tehran and the Iranian resort island of Kish in September, 1995 while working as a flight attendant for Iranian carrier Kish Air flight 707.[116]
- Avraham Sinai – Lebanese former Shi'ite who converted to Judaism. He served as an informant for the Israelis while serving in Hezbollah, until his actions were uncovered. He fled to Israel and subsequently converted.[117]
[edit] Converted to the Bahá'í Faith
These were mostly people who were followers of the Bahá'u'lláh at the time he founded the Bahá'í Faith. They were formerly Muslims.
- Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl – Foremost Bahá'í scholar who helped spread the Bahá'í Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. One of the few Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh who never actually met Bahá'u'lláh.[119]
- Mishkín-Qalam- Prominent Bahá'í and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh, as well as a famous calligrapher of 19th century Persia.[118]
- Táhirih- Persian poetess and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran.[120]
- Nabíl-i-A'zam- Bahá'í historian and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh[121]
- Hají Ákhúnd- Eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh. He was appointed a Hand of the Cause, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.[121]
- Ibn-i-Abhar – appointed a Hand of the Cause, and identified as one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.[121]
- Mírzá Mahmúd – Eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.[121]
- Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn – two brothers who were beheaded in the city of Isfahan in 1879.[121]
[edit] Part of an unorganized religion or no religion
[edit] Became Atheists
- Jim Al-Khalili an English-Iraqi physicist.[124]
- Kareem Amer an Egyptian blogger [125][126]
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 10th century Muslim scientist[127]
- Ayaan Hirsi Ali – Somali-born Dutch feminist, writer, and politician.[128]
- Ismael Adham – Egyptian writer and philosopher.[129]
- Loubna Berrada – Dutch liberal politician and former member of the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims.[130]
- Ali Soilih – Comorian socialist revolutionary and president of the Comoros.[131]
- Aziz Nesin – Popular Turkish humorist and author of more than 100 books.[132]
- Zackie Achmat – South African anti-HIV/AIDS activist; founder of the Treatment Action Campaign.[133]
- Humayun Azad – Bangladeshi writer and scholar.[134][135]
- Turan Dursun – Turkish writer. He was once a Turkish mufti and later authored many books critical of Islam.[136]
- Ehsan Jami – Dutch politician and founder of the Dutch Central Committee for Ex-Muslims.[123]
- Enver Hoxha – Communist dictator who declared Albania the first atheist state, and who has been identified as an "arch-atheist."[137]
- As'ad Abu Khalil – Lebanese professor of political science at California State University, Stanislaus. He describes himself as an "atheist secularist".[138][139]
- Al-Ma'arri – Blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer.[140]
- Sarmad – 17th century mystical poet and sufi saint, arrived from Persia to India, beheaded for assumed heresy by the Mughal emperor, Aurungzebe. Sarmad renounced Judaism, briefly converting to Islam and then Hinduism. He later denounced all religions and rejected belief in god.[141][142]
- Lounès Matoub – Algerian Berber Kabyle singer.[143]
- Afshin Ellian Iranian professor[144]
- Ramiz Alia – Albanian communist leader and former president of Albania.[145]
- Salman Rushdie – British-Indian novelist and essayist.[122]
- Hassan Bahara – Moroccan-Dutch writer.[146]
- Hafid Bouazza – Moroccan-Dutch writer.[147][148]
- Hossein Derakhshan – Iranian-Canadian journalist and weblogger.[149]
- Ismail Kadare – World-renowned Albanian writer.[150]
- Maryam Namazie – Iranian communist, political activist and leader of the British apostate-organization "Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain"[151]
- Anwar Shaikh – British author of Pakistani descent.[152]
- Zohra Sehgal – Indian actress who has appeared in several Hindi and English language films.[153]
- Mirza Fatali Akhundov – 19th century Azerbaijani playwright and philosopher.[154]
- Taslima Nasrin – Bangladeshi author, feminist, human rights activist and secular humanist.[155]
- Parvin Darabi- Iranian born American activist, writer and woman's rights activist.[156]
- Barack Obama, Sr. was a Kenyan senior governmental economist, and the father of Barack Obama[157]
- Nyamko Sabuni politician in Sweden[158]
- Ali Sina owner of the faith freedom website[159]
- Charles Wardle former militant convert to Islam from New Zealand. Worked for the NZSIS.[160][161]
- Kumail Nanjiani Pakistani American stand-up comic and actor.[162]
[edit] Became Agnostics
- Seema Mustafa – Indian journalist, Political Editor and Delhi Bureau Chief of The Asian Age newspaper.[163][164]
- Javed Akhtar – noted Indian writer, lyricist, TV show host and secular and nationalist activist
- Cenk Uygur – Main host of the liberal talk radio show The Young Turks. He is an agnostic.[165]
- Wafa Sultan – Syrian-born American psychiatrist and controversial critic of Islam. She describes herself as a "Secular Humanist"[166][167]
- Ibn Warraq – British Pakistani secularist author and founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society[168]
- Mina Ahadi – Iranian-born pacifist, founder of the German apostate-organization "Zentralrat der Ex-Muslime"[169]
- Dr. Younus Shaikh – Pakistani medical doctor, human rights activist, rationalist and free-thinker.[170]
- Ibn al-Rawandi – early skeptic of Islam.[171]
[edit] Became Deists
- Ahmad Kasravi – was a notable Iranian linguist, historian, and reformer.[172]
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi or Rhazes (865 – 925), Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.[173]
[edit] Converted to a Dharmic religion
[edit] Converted to Buddhism
- Tillakaratne Dilshan – Sri Lankan cricketer.[174]
- Kenneth Pai – Chinese American writer of Hui descent.[175]
[edit] Converted to Hinduism
- Aasish Khan, the son of sarod maestro Ustad Ali Akbar Khan [177]
- Annapurna Devi (born Roshanara Khan) – Surbahar (bass sitar) player and music teacher in the North Indian classical tradition[178]
- Asha Gawli – (born Ayesha) Wife of Arun Gawli, notorious gangster turned politician from Mumbai, India.[179]
- Bukka I – King of Vijayanagara empire who converted to Islam, then reconverted. The early life of Bukka as well as his brother Hakka (also known as Harihara I) are relatively unknown and most accounts of their early life are based on theories.[180][181]
- Chander Mohan – Former Deputy Chief Minister of Haryana State in India.[182][183]
- Harihara I – King of Vijayanagara empire who converted to Islam, then reconverted[181]
- Haridas Thakura – Prominent Vaishnavite saint born in 1450, instrumental in the early appearance and spread of Hare Krishna movement. His Muslim name remains unknown to this day.[184]
- Hassan Palakkode Muslim scholar [185]
- Harilal Gandhi – He was the son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and converted to Islam. He was in Islam for a few months, before reverting back to Hinduism.[176]
- Ifa Sudewi – Chief judge for the 2002 Bali bombing trials in Indonesia.[186][187]
- Khushboo Sundar (born Khushboo Khan) – Tamil movie actress[188]
- Netaji Palkar – Maratha noble and commander-in-chief of the army of Shivaji, 19 June 1676.[189][190][191]
- Shanti Devi born Ashgari – Mother of yesteryear Bollywood Actress Tabassum. She was daughter of a Maulvi but converted to Hinduism after marriage and even underwent Hindu religious education.[192]
- Zubeida – Hindi film actress, on whose life story the film Zubeidaa was based[193]
[edit] Converted to Sikhism
- Kuldeep Manak – (born Latif Mohammed) Famous Punjabi singer who, after his conversion, released a number of Sikh devotional tracks.[194]
[edit] Other
[edit] Religious founders
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi - founder of the spiritual movements Messiah Foundation International and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.[196][197]
- Akbar the great – Mughal emperor and founder of Dīn-i Ilāhī, a religious movement whose followers never numbered more than 19 adherents.[195]
- Ariffin Mohammed – Founder of the Sky Kingdom who claimed a unique connection to God. In spite of renouncing Islam in 2001, he stated that there was no restriction on practising your own faith and at the same time belonging to the Sky Kingdom.[198]
- Báb – the founder of Babism. Most of his followers later accepted Bahá'u'lláh and thus became Baha'is.[199]
- Bahá'u'lláh – after the Bab's death, claimed to be the prophet the Báb spoke of, thereby founding the Bahá'í Faith.[121]
- Salih ibn Tarif – Second king of the Berghouata. He proclaimed himself a Prophet/Mahdi and came out with his own Qur'an.[200]
- Kabir – 15th century mystical poet and founder of the Kabirpanthi. Born to a Hindu Brahmin widow but adopted and raised as Muslim by a childless Muslim couple, later denouncing both Hinduism and Islam.[201][202]
- Musaylimah – Prophet of the Banu Hanifa tribe who lived during and after the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad.[203]
- Dwight York – African American author, black supremacist leader, musician, convicted child molester and founder of the religious doctrine called Nuwaubianism.[204]
- Ha-Mim – religious founder in Morocco
- Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf – formed a syncretic religion based in Barghawata
- Sultan Sahak – founded Ahl-e Haqq
- David Myatt - founded the Numinous Way[205]
[edit] Undetermined current belief system
- Khalid Duran – Specialist in the history, sociology and politics of the Islamic world.[207]
- Charles Bronson – British criminal and self-styled "most violent prisoner in Britain".[208]
- David Hicks – Australian-born Guantanamo Bay detainee who converted to Islam[209] and was notorious in his homeland for his once support of radical Islam and for the circumstances surrounding his incarceration, is believed to have renounced Islam whilst incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay.[210]
- Wesley Snipes – American actor, film producer, and martial artist.[206]
- Lex Hixon – Not raised religious; Conversions to Hinduism, Sufism. Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and possibly Zen.[211]
[edit] See also
[edit]
- List of former Jews
- List of former atheists and agnostics
- List of former Protestants
- List of former Roman Catholics
- List of former Latter Day Saints
- List of former Christians
[edit] References
- ^ a b Rendina, Claudio (2000). La grande enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton, 1136. ISBN 88-8289-316-2.
- ^ I Love Jeddah in the Springtime Time magazine
- ^ http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000258376/0000258376_0014.gif
- ^ African Studies Quarterly
- ^ W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard
- ^ New York Times obituary
- ^ Africana Online
- ^ George Sanikidze and Edward W. Walker (2004), Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies., p. 12, University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.
- ^ "All hail The chieftain", August 25 2007, Independent News
- ^ Pope Gunman: I Want to Convert to Christianity – ABC News, May 13, 2009
- ^ Late pope's would-be killer wants Vatican baptism lawyer – Vancouver Sun, May 2009
- ^ Egypt: Christian convert from Islam jailed – Compass Direct News, October 18, 2006
- ^ a b Pope baptizes one of Italy's most prominent Muslims at Easter vigil service
- ^ He saved me – The story of Hussain Andaryas from Afghanistan
- ^ a b Hutchison, Robert A. (1999). Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei. St. Martin's Press. p. 7. ISBN 0312193440. – Sister Josephine Bakhita had been converted by force to Islam and then, freedom restored, had chosen Christianity.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Fla. police: No credible threat to runaway convert, AP, NOv. 14, 2009
- ^ Birdsall, Neville. Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism, pg. 174.[2]; January 8th Saints.
- ^ Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560–1604 (book review)
- ^ a b c d (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
- ^ Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier, Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-253-21770-9, M1 Google Print, p. 265.
- ^ Troyat, Henri Ivan le Terrible. Flammarion, Paris, 1982
- ^ Ivan Mannheim, Syria & Lebanon handbook, Footprint Travel Guides, 2001, ISBN 1-900949-90-3, Google Print, p. 567.
- ^ Gershom Scholem, 'Shabtai Zvi (1626–1676)', 'Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists', from Encyclopedia Judaica
- ^ Biography of Walid Shoebat
- ^ "The Rt Rev Hassan Dehqani-Tafti, Bishop of Iran who survived an assassination attempt and had to continue his ministry in exile". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2008-05-05. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1918728/The-Rt-Rev-Hassan-Dehqani-Tafti.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ J.S. Clarke. "History". Linda Haggin Peck. http://haggin.org/JBAH_Biography.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
- ^ "Robert Young Pelton's The World's Most Dangerous Places: 5th Edition", Robert Young Pelton, Collins Reference, 2003, p.270: "Denard has seven wives and has at various times converted to Judaism (in Morocco) and Islam (in the Comoros) and then back to Catholicism."
- ^ Friedman, Lisa. "Ex-Muslim calls on her people to reject hatred", Los Angeles Daily News, 5 June 2005. (reproduced)
- ^ The Written Defense of the Rev. Mehdi Dibaj Delivered to the Sari Court of Justice – Sari, Iran December 3, 1993
- ^ Diplomats Concerned About Killing of Iranian Pastor
- ^ http://st-takla.org/zJ/index.php?option=com_icopts&task=&sm=3-2&c=&dbl=en&tht=1309039200
- ^ http://www.wiscopts.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=97
- ^ http://st-takla.org/Saints/Coptic-Orthodox-Saints-Biography/Coptic-Saints-Story_794.html
- ^ Islam, the West and the need for honesty
- ^ Against the Tides in the Middle East, International Academic Centre for Muslim Evangelism in South Africa, 1997 (published under the name "Mustafa").
- ^ a b Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila
- ^ Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Keeps the Faith – ("In college, Akbar converted to Christianity, while his father remains a Muslim.")
- ^ (Russian) Alexander Kazembek: Light from the East by Alexei Pylev. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2006
- ^ Qadry Ismail's bio on TheGoal.com
- ^ Article on Raghib Ismail: Rocket shows strong path
- ^ Faith in Sports
- ^ Time Magazine
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica- Carlos Menem
- ^ Flight from Iran
- ^ You quizzed George Weah – BBC.com
- ^ Religion And Power in Liberia – The Perspective, June 17, 2005.
- ^ Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East, Burke's Peerage, 1980, p. 36.
- ^ Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. p. 196
- ^ a b Article about Kusturica's religion on pionirovglasnik.com
- ^ The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination by Gautam Chakravarty · Cambridge, 242 pp ISBN 0-521-83274-8
- ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21687
- ^ Merica, Dan (2011-10-01). "Iranian pastor faces death for rape, not apostasy - report". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/30/world/meast/iran-christian-pastor/.
- ^ Okanla, Karim (20 August 2003). "Benin's 'magical' leader". BBC news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3166593.stm.
- ^ The Travels of Dean Mahomet – University of California press
- ^ Deen Mahomed [1759–1851]: soldier, writer, businessman
- ^ White mischief – The Guardian, December 9, 2002
- ^ Emily Ruete, (1888): Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar
- ^ Emily Ruete, Ulrich Haarmann (Editor), E. Van Donzel (Editor), Leiden, Netherlands, (1992): An Arabian Princess Between Two Worlds: Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages. Presents the reader with a picture of life in Zanzibar between 1850–1865, and with an intelligent observer's reactions to life in Germany in the Bismarck period. Emily Ruete's writings describe her attempts to recover her Zanzibar inheritance and her homesickness. ISBN 90-04-09615-9
- ^ Publisher's review for Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar – ("Despite strictures confining Islamic women, she trysted with a German who is thought to have impregnated her, fled to Germany where she converted to Christianity")
- ^ News of Kusturica's baptism on passagen.se
- ^ Amazon.com: Inside Islam: A Guide for Catholics: Books: Daniel Ali,Robert Spencer
- ^ Washington Times – Islam for Catholics
- ^ Fernão Lopes – the first Robinson – The St Helena Foundation
- ^ Massie, Robert K. (1981). Peter the Great. Soviet Union: Ballantine Books. p. 469. ISBN 0345298063.
- ^ Damien Simonis, Sarah Andrews, Spain, Lonely Planet, 2005, ISBN 1-74059-700-1, Google Print, pp. 743.
- ^ St. Casilda – Americancatholic.org
- ^ St. Alodia – Catholic.org
- ^ Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
- ^ Biography of Johannes Aveteranian
- ^ Jarrett-Kerr, Martin (1972). Patterns of Christian Acceptance. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 196.
- ^ Hamid Pourmand: Imprisonment due to religious belief
- ^ Donald Fareed's testimony on the Persian ministries website
- ^ Prison Radicalization: Are Terrorist Cells Forming in U.S. Cell Blocks? Government testimony (PDF)
- ^ Daveed Gartenstein-Ross biography on his website
- ^ "CBC Radio – The Current – Whole Show Blow-by-Blow". http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2007/200701/20070116.html.[dead link]
- ^ Malika Oufkir: the American Making of a Moroccan Star
- ^ Ruffa Gutierrez reaffirms her Christian faith
- ^ Majumdar, Margaret (2002). Francophone Studies: The Essential Glossary. United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0340806966.
- ^ Heirs of the Prophets: An account of the clergy and Priests of Islam, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, Moody press, 1946, p. 127 – "There are some examples which could easily be multiplied. Dr. Imad-ud-Din was a leading sufi and theologian in the Punjaub. He was appointed to preach against Dr. Pfander in the royal mosque at Agra; he read the Scriptures, believed and was baptised, and with another great theologian and sufi, Safdar Ali, became a missionary to his people. Afterwards he received a doctorate from Oxford University. His baptism took place New Year's Day, 1868, together with his aged father and brother. Other distinguished converts in the Punjab, such as Imam Shah, were also from the clergy."
- ^ Cryer, Neville Barker (1979). Bibles Across the World. United States of America: Mowbrays. p. 94. ISBN 0264664175.
- ^ TURKEY: CONVERTS SUBJECTED TO OFFICIAL HARASSMENT
- ^ Threats force Egyptian convert to hide, MAGGIE MICHAEL, Associated Press Writer Sat Aug 11, [3]
- ^ Beale, Lewis. "Precious Freedom. USA Weekend Magazine. November 9, 2003.
- ^ In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan: Being the Record of Three Years' Exploration, Henry Hugh Peter Deasy, pg. 284
- ^ Gulshan Esther, Alistair Mark Dean, Thelma Sangster, The Torn Veil: The Best-selling Story of Gulshan Esther, Zondervan (1992), pg.46, ISBN 0-551-01153-X
- ^ Marriages of the Holy Prophet
- ^ The Human Side In The Hajjah Of The Messenger of Allah
- ^ Constantine the African
- ^ Constantine the African, or Constantinus Africanus (medieval medical scholar)
- ^ Estevanico (aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor)
- ^ Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West, Liturgical Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8146-3186-X, Google Print, p. 3.
- ^ James Gordon Meek (October 12, 2007). "Jailed '93 WTC bomber claims he's now a Christian". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2007/10/12/2007-10-12_jailed_93_wtc_bomber_claims_hes_now_a_ch.html.
- ^ "My Trip to SuperMax". CBS News. October 14, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/13/60minutes/main3364113.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- ^ Holweck, F. G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co.. p. 84.
- ^ Is the 'prosperity gospel' prospering?
- ^ Petre, Jonathan (2005-10-08). "'Wealth' church leader practised what he preached". Telegraph. http://www.rickross.com/reference/general/general772.html. Retrieved 2007-08-04. "the charismatic Mr Ashimolowo, a Nigerian-born convert from Islam"
- ^ Rudnytsky, Peter L.(1987). Essays in modern Ukrainian history. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. p. 186
- ^ Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani, p.28, 2005, Sigma, Bucharest, Delia Grigore, Petre Petcuţ and Mariana Sandu – "Born to a Rom Muslim slave father and a free Romanian Christian mother, Razvan converted to Christianity, thereby, attracting the wrath of the Ottomans."
- ^ a b Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 86
- ^ Benin's new president announced
- ^ "A History of Orthodox Missions Among the Muslims". Yurij Maximov, Russian author and religious studies teacher in the Religious Studies at the Moscow Orthodox Seminary. http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles4/MaximovMuslims.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ^ Joseph Patrich, The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 90-429-0976-5, Google Print, p. 157.
- ^ L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN 0-226-31963-6, M1 Google Print, pp. 223 Various Christian sources including the Christian historian, Marmol claim that with his dying breath Aben Humeya declared himself a Christian and said that what he had done was in the prosecution of a family feud.
- ^ Schwaner, Birgit (2007-06-01). "Der Abenteurer aus Ober St. Veit" (in German). Weiner Zeitung. http://www.wienerzeitung.at/Desktopdefault.aspx?TabID=3946&Alias=wzo&lexikon=Afrika&letter=A&cob=286780. Retrieved 2008-01-19. ""He was absolved by the Pope for his conversion, which he reversed""
- ^ Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty:, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, ISBN 81-208-1642-0, Google Print, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Saye Zerbo, président of the republic from 1980 to 1982 (article in French) "At once stopped, Saye Zerbo is thrown in prison. Since his imprisonment, the deposed president contemplates and reads the Qu'ran through whole nights. He also asks so that the Bible be brought to him that the archbishop of Ouagadougou, the cardinal Paul Zoungrana, had offered to him at the time of first Christmas following his takeover. At this point in time it will have the revelation which will change its life. In a mystical dash, Saye Zerbo is brought to his knees, returns thanks to God and converts to Christianity. His entire family will do the same thing thereafter."
- ^ Canal Sánchez-Pagín; Montaner Frutos; Palencia; Salazar y Acha
- ^ http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/djibril_cisse/index.shtml
- ^ Mondial : ces joueurs de foot ont la foi !, Benoît Fidelin, Pèlerin N° 6654, 10 June 2010
- ^ FAITH UNDER FIRE - Descendant of Muhammad converts to Christianity - But faces threat to life if forced to return to Turkey
- ^ Norge IDAG - Norwegian language newspaper - Friday May 7, 2010
- ^ Brad Biggs (May 20, 2005 Friday). "Muhammad all about giving as well as receiving". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 148.
- ^ http://www.rnw.nl/arabic/article/467965
- ^ http://www.hdhod.com/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_a34209.html
- ^ Iranian Muslim converts to Judaism
- ^ Avni, Idan (2006-09-14). "A righteous man from Hizbullah land". YNetNews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3303838,00.html. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ a b Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. pp. 270–271. ISBN 0853981523.
- ^ Momen, Moojan (2002-03-04). "Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani, Mirza". http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/abulfadl.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ^ 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1997) [1915]. Memorials of the Faithful (Softcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0877432422. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/MF/.
- ^ a b c d e f Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. pp. 268–270. ISBN 0853981523.
- ^ a b Interview with Rushdie by Gigi Marzullo; Sottovoce, RAIUNO, March 31, 2006.
- ^ a b A New Brand of Nonbelievers
- ^ Al-Khalili, Jim (November 25, 2008). "Science,Science (Education subject),Atheism (News)". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/25/comment-science-secularism-society-dawkins.
- ^ Kareem Amer. (2006). “تنويه هام جدا بخصوص موقع الأقباط متحدون ومقالى الأخير” (A Very Important Notice Regarding the Copts United Web Site and My Last Article) كريم عامر (Kareeem Amer’s Arabic blog). Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Abdelkareem Nabil Soliman (Kareem Amer), Political prisoner Submitted on Mon, 2007-01-29
- ^ Jennifer Michael Hecht, "Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson", pg. 227-230
- ^ Dutch article link: 'Ik geloof niet meer'
- ^ Re-drawing the line – Al Ahram Weeky, August 9, 2000
- ^ Charter, David (11-09-07). "Young Muslims begin dangerous fight for the right to abandon faith". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2426314.ece. Retrieved 27-05-09.
- ^ Comoros & Mayotte
- ^ Aziz Nesin of Turkey Dies at 80; Writer Escaped Militants' Arson
- ^ John Carlin (2005-08-05). "Zackie's story: The man who took on Mbeki – and won". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2029292.ece. Retrieved 2007-08-27. "A homosexual, an atheist, and a militant anti-apartheid campaigner whose political ideas were forged on an intense reading of Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky..."
- ^ Dr. Humayun Azad laid to rest
- ^ Bangladesh: Protecting the Human Rights of Thought, Conscience, and Religion: U.A.B. Razia Akter Banu Prepared Testimony – ("Dr. Azad is a Muslim by birth and by name ... He is an atheist.")
- ^ Turan Dursun Website
- ^ Kamm, Henry (1993, June 10). 'Hallelujah' is heard in the arch-atheist's temple. The New York Times (Late Edition (East Coast)), p. A4. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from National Newspaper Abstracts
- ^ The Angry Arab News Service comments from her blog
- ^ Between disparate worlds: On California State University professor As'ad AbuKhalil (1: "...who is also an atheist..." 2: "My Sunni family of my mother taught me how to pray")
- ^ Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World by Fred Whitehead
- ^ Sarmad, the mystic poet
- ^ Hazrat Sarmad Shaheed: The Naked Sufi Martyr
- ^ interview with Lounès Matoub
- ^ Craig Whitlock (November 11, 2005). "For Public Figures in Netherlands, Terror Becomes a Personal Concern". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/10/AR2005111002046.html.
- ^ Europe since 1945: An encyclopedia, Bernard A Cook, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5, p. 31
- ^ Kranenberg, Annieke (2007-08-11). "'Als dit niet werkt, beledig ik Wilders wel'" (in Dutch). De Volkskrant. http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/article452030.ece/Als_dit_niet_werkt%2C_beledig_ik_Wilders_wel. Retrieved 2008-05-09. Quote: (Translation) "In interviews he calls himself an atheist, but until now he has been left alone by beardmonkeys (referring to Muslims). Perhaps I have to make myself heard just a little bit better, I should be more explicit in my aversion to Islam and religion in general." (Dutch) "In interviews noemt hij zichzelf atheïst, maar tot nog toe 'ben ik ongemoeid gelaten door de baardapen. Misschien moet ik een hardere toon aanslaan en wat explicieter zijn in mijn afkeer van de islam en religies in het algemeen.'"
- ^ Humanistische Omroep, Link to video interview with Hafid Bouazza Quote: (Translation) "Believers live behind a fence, and non-believers live in a pasture and they know there are believers out there behind the fence." "It [religion] is a matter of conditioning, of brainwashing." "I know that when I die, it's over with me." (Dutch) "Gelovigen leven achter een hek, en ongelovigen in een weiland, waarin ze weten dat er gelovigen zijn die achter hekken wonen." "Het [religie] is een kwestie van conditionering, van hersenspoeling" "Ik weet dat het moment dat ik ter aarde word besteld, dat het afgelopen is met mij."
- ^ Verdonschot, Leon (2008-05-08). ""Ik kan niet leven zonder roes." Interview met Hafid Baouzza, gepubliceerd in Dif nr.1" (in Dutch). Leonverdonschot.nl. http://www.leonverdonschot.nl/content/view/17/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=39. Retrieved 2008-05-09.[dead link] Quote: (Translation) "Look, I'm an atheist. I believe God does not exist, I do not believe in an afterlife. How terrible it may be: Hitler isn't in hell getting pinched in his ass with a trident. I'm fine with he fact there are people who do believe that and get comfort from it, like my mother. I just hope the influence of religion on policy makers will diminish, because my freedom is precious to me." (Dutch) "Kijk, ik ben atheïst. Ik geloof niet dat God bestaat, ik geloof niet dat er een hiernamaals is. Hoe gruwelijk ook: Hitler wordt op dit moment niet in de hel met een drietand in zijn reet geprikt. Dat er mensen zijn dat dat wél geloven en daar troost uit putten, mensen als mijn moeder: prima. Als de invloed van religies op beleidsmakers maar steeds kleiner wordt, want mijn vrijheid is me dierbaar."
- ^ King of the Iranian bloggers
- ^ Muslim Identity and the Balkan State,Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki, 1997, ISBN 1-85065-276-7, google print p. 133.
- ^ It's time to take a stand against Islam and Sharia
- ^ The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West by Daniel Pipes, Pg. 283
- ^ Ninety and spunky
- ^ Ахундов Мирза-Фатали
- ^ "I was born in a Muslim family, but I became an atheist." For freedom of expression, Taslima Nasreen, November 12, 1999 – Taslima Nasreen took the floor during Commission V of UNESCO's General Conference, as a delegate of the NGO International Humanist and Ethical Union (Accessed 23 December 2006).
- ^ Darabi, Parvin Rage Against the Veil: The Courageous Life and Death of an Islamic Dissident ISBN 1-57392-682-5
- ^ Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1546579,00.html. Retrieved 2008-09-26. "My father was almost entirely absent from my childhood, having been divorced from my mother when I was 2 years old; in any event, although my father had been raised a Muslim, by the time he met my mother he was a confirmed atheist, thinking religion to be so much superstition."
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (January 12, 2007). "Swedish politician's advice to immigrants? Try to fit in - Europe - International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/12/world/europe/12iht-sweden.4187777.html.
- ^ "Ex-Muslim's site trashes Muhammad - Founder challenges: Prove me wrong and I'll take down page". WorldNetDaily. 16 Sept 2004. http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40473. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "SIS spying on mosques revealed". Sunday Star Times. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4869086/SIS-spying-on-mosques-revealed. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ "Ex-militant's home searched in Auckland". The Dominion Post. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/2915220/Ex-militants-home-searched-in-Auckland/. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ http://www.avclub.com/chicago/articles/kumail-nanjiani,487/
- ^ Pakistan: Appeasing the Mullahs
- ^ The Communalisation of Kargil
- ^ Six Degrees of Barack Obama
- ^ Time Magazine- Interview with Wafa Sultan
- ^ There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st century Feb. 2006
- ^ "Warraq, 60, describes himself now as an agnostic..." Dissident voices, World Magazine, June 16, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 22.
- ^ "Founder of ex-Muslim group threatened". United Press International. February 23, 2007. http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/20070223-014518-1922r/.
- ^ Younus Shaikh- short biography
- ^ On Ibn al-Rawandi, from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1971, Volume 3, E J Brill, Leiden, p 905
- ^ V. Minorsky. Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan (Mongolica, 4), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 58-81 (1957), p. 66. JSTOR
- ^ Jennifer Michael Hecht, "Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson", pg. 227-230
- ^ Sri Lanka profiles BBC News - November 9, 2003
- ^ Peony Dreams Retrieved 12-6-2008.
- ^ a b Watching 'Gandhi my Father' was painful: Tushar
- ^ Dasgupta, Priyanka (September 1, 2006). "Ali Akbar's son claims to be Hindu". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1945418.cms.
- ^ Unveiling the mystique of a reclusive artiste The Hindu - June 28, 2006
- ^ Daddy in jail, Mummy seeks votes for both – Indian express
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukka_I
- ^ a b Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. ISBN 81-219-0153-7
- ^ Chand Mohammed is Chander Mohan again – Tribune News Service, July 28, 2009
- ^ Chand Mohammed converts back to Hinduism – July 28, 2009, The times of India
- ^ Haridasa Thakura
- ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000407/nation.htm#13
- ^ Five bombers were prepared to die in Bali - The Sunday Telegraph - Australia - Newstext
- ^ Five bombers were prepared to die The Australian - May 25, 2003
- ^ Southern siren Namitha has a temple NDTV - July 10, 2008
- ^ http://www.hindubooks.org/sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/landmaratha.html
- ^ http://hero-for-modern-india.blogspot.com/
- ^ . http://www.indiatime.com/category/religion/.
- ^ [4]
- ^ Zubeidaa’s secret Times of India - July 11, 2003
- ^ Kuldip Manak: The Official Artist Page at desihits.com
- ^ a b Dīn-i Ilāhī
- ^ "Messiah Foundation International Site about Shahi". Messiah Foundation International. http://www.goharshahi.com. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ "Website from Pakistan Sector". goharshahi.pk. http://goharshahi.pk/images/ie-about.html. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ The Telegraph
- ^ Shoghi Effendi, introduction to The Dawn-breakers, p. xxx.
- ^ U of Massachusetts
- ^ Rare Literary Gems: The Works of Kabir and Premchand at CRL
- ^ The songs of Kabir
- ^ A short biography of Musaylimah "He was one of those persons, who came to Madina in the tenth year of migration and embraced Islam. However, after his return to his birthplace he himself claimed to be a prophet and some simple-minded and also some fanatical persons responded to his call".
- ^ Cult Fighting in Middle Georgia
- ^ http://www.davidmyatt.ws/biog.html#N11a
- ^ a b Wesley Snipes, Hollywood's hottest new star talks about: his divorce, his days on the streets and why he doesn't have 'jungle fever. Ebony Magazine. Sept, 1991 by Laura B. Randolph
- ^ Duran, KhalidChildren of Abraham : An Introduction to Islam for Jews Ktav Publishing House ISBN 0-88125-724-9
- ^ Loonyology: In My Own Words (Hardcover) – Amazon.com
- ^ David Hicks: 'Australian Taleban'
- ^ Hicks drops Islamic faith
- ^ Sufi Review (Pir Publications, Spring 1997), p.5-8
