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List of historical separatist movements

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Contents

1 Africa
2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America
5 South America
6 Oceania
7 See also
8 References

This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2010)

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (April 2011)

For currently active movements, see List of active separatist movements.

This is a list of historical separatist movements around the world. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. Most separatist movements do not succeed in their goal, therefore only notable ones are listed here; however, not all listed here succeeded in their goal.

[edit] Africa

[edit] Algeria

(gained independence from France on July 5, 1962)

Political party: Algerian National Movement (MNA)
Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA)

[edit] Angola

Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

[edit] Botswana

Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)

[edit] Burundi

Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

[edit] Cameroon

Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)

[edit] Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)

[edit] Central African Republic

Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

[edit] Democratic Republic of the Congo

Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

[edit] Côte d'Ivoire

Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)

[edit] Egypt

Political party: Wafd Party

[edit] Eritrea

Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

[edit] France

Réunion

Autonomist movement

Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomism)

[edit] Ghana

Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

[edit] Katanga

Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

[edit] Kenya

Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
Rebel organization: Mau Mau

[edit] Mali

Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

[edit] Mauritius

Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

[edit] Morocco

Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc
Secessionist entity: Rif Republic

[edit] Mozambique

Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

[edit] Namibia

Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN)

[edit] Niger

Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

[edit] Nigeria

Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra

[edit] São Tomé and Príncipe

Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)

[edit] Seychelles

Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)

[edit] Sierra Leone

Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)

[edit] Somalia

Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)

[edit] Sudan

Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

[edit] Tanganyika

Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

[edit] Tunisia

Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)

[edit] Uganda

Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

[edit] Zambia

Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

[edit] Zanzibar

Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

[edit] Zimbabwe

Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)

[edit] Asia

[edit] Bangladesh

Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
- Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971.

Chakma people, Chittagong Hill Tracts
- Political party: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti, or Chittagong Hill Tribal People's Coordination Association
- Proposed state: Confederacy of Chittagong
- Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.

Hindu people, south-western Bangladesh
- Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
- Proposed State: Bangabhumi

[edit] Burma

Political party: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Dobama Asiayone, Communist Party of Burma
Rebel organization: Burma Independence Army

[edit] Cambodia

[edit] India

Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
Rebel organization: Indian National Army

[edit] Indonesia

Political party: Communist Party of Indonesia, Nationalist Party of Indonesia
Rebel organization: Free Aceh Movement
Secessionist entity: Republic of West Papua

[edit] Japan

Republic of Ezo

[edit] Kazakhstan

Alash Orda

[edit] Korea

Protest movement: March 1st Movement
Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

[edit] Laos

Rebel organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao

[edit] Malaysia

Political party: Alliance Party(United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association & Malayan Indian Congress)

[edit] Maldives

Suvadives
- Proposed state: United Suvadive Republic

[edit] Mongolia

Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

[edit] North Korea

Political party: Workers' Party of Korea

[edit] Oman

Rebel organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arab Gulf (PFLOAG)

[edit] Pakistan

Political party: Muslim League

[edit] Philippines

Political party: Nacionalista Party
Society: Katipunan, La Liga Filipina
Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, First Philippine Republic, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga

[edit] Singapore

Political party: Labour Front, People's Action Party

[edit] Sri Lanka

Political party: Sinhala Maha Sabha, United National Party

[edit] Syria

National Bloc

[edit] Vietnam

[edit] Yemen

Rebel organization: Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, National Liberation Front of South Yemen

[edit] Europe

[edit] Albania

League of Prizren

[edit] Armenia

Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party), Pan-Armenian National Movement
Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

[edit] Azerbaijan

Political party: Musavat, Azerbaijani Popular Front Party

[edit] Belarus

Political party: Belarusian People's Front

[edit] Belgium

Political parties
- Flemish
  - Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
  - Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

[edit] Bulgaria

Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation

[edit] Cyprus

Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

[edit] Czech Republic

Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

[edit] Estonia

Rahvarinne

[edit] Finland

Political movement: Åland, Fennoman, Lapua
Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party

[edit] France

Basque Country (also in Spain)
- Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
- Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
Corsica
- Political Parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
Brittany
- Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
- Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
Alsace
Political parties : Alsace d'abord

[edit] Germany

Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
Lower Saxony
Alemannic Separatism

[edit] Georgia

Ajaria (Adjara)
Azeris
- Proposed autonomous region: Borchalo autonomy
Political Party: Mingrelian Nationalist Party
- Proposed independent state: Mingrelia

[edit] Greece

(gained independence from Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

Society: Filiki Eteria
Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy

[edit] Ireland

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

[edit] Italy

Serenissima Veneta Republica, Republic of Venice
- Political Parties: Liga Veneta, PNV, PNE, Veneto Libero

[edit] Latvia

Political party: Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement

[edit] Lithuania

Sąjūdis

[edit] Republic of Macedonia

Political party: Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation

[edit] Moldova

Moldovan Popular Front

[edit] Poland

Narodowa Demokracja
Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)

[edit] Slovakia

Political party: Slovak National Party

[edit] Spain

Basque Country (also in France)
- Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
- Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalonian State
- Rebel organization: Terra Lliure (disbanded)
Galicia
- Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
Asturias
- Political Parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana
- Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
Canary Islands
- Political Party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
- Organizations: MPAIAC
- Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches
León
- Political Party: Leonese People's Union

[edit] Ukraine

[edit] United Kingdom (and associated territories)

Cornwall: - Cornish National Party, New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity,
England: - Free England Party, English People's Liberation Army
Ireland (including pre-split Northern Ireland): Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party
Scotland: Scottish Labour Party (1976), National Party of Scotland, Scottish National Party, Scottish Party, Settler Watch, Scottish Workers Republican Party, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Socialist Party (1987), Kirk Party, Labour Party of Scotland, Scottish Labour Party (1888), Scotland Forward, Scottish Socialist Alliance, Workers Party of Scotland, Scottish Workers Republican Party
Wales: Plaid Cymru; The Party of Wales, Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement
Isle of Wight
- Political party: Vectis National Party

[edit] Yugoslavia

Political parties
- Albanian
  - Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
- Croatian
  - Political party: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
Rebel organizations
- Albanian
  - Rebel organization: Kosovo Liberation Army (became Kosovo Protection Corps)
Events
- Croatian
  - Croatian Spring

[edit] North America

[edit] Antigua and Barbuda

Political party: Antigua Labour Party

[edit] Belize

Political party: People's United Party

[edit] Bahamas

Abaco (defunct)
Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

[edit] British West Indies

Political party: Caribbean League
Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

[edit] Canada

[edit] Secessionist

Nova Scotia
- Political: Anti-Confederation Party

Ontario
- Political: Ontario Independence League

Quebec
- Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance
- Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Parti Patriote, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Union Nationale (Johnson era), Union Populaire
- Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Front de libération du Québec

Western Canada
- Political: Unionest Party

[edit] Autonomist

Acadia
- Political party: Parti Acadien

Cape Breton Island
- Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party

the Maritimes
- Political party: the Maritimes

Ontario
- Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party

Quebec
- Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

[edit] Dominica

Political party: Dominica Labour Party

[edit] Guyana

Political party: People's Progressive Party
Political party: People's National Congress

[edit] Jamaica

Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

[edit] Haiti

Cacos (anti-US occupation)

[edit] Mexico

Secessionist

[edit] Nicaragua

Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

[edit] Panama

Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

[edit] Trinidad and Tobago

Political party: People's National Movement

[edit] United States

Thirteen Colonies
- Sons of Liberty
Confederate States of America
New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
Republic of New Afrika
Texas Republic
Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)

[edit] Puerto Rico

Autonomist Party

Popular Democratic Party (PPD)

Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

[edit] South America

[edit] Brazil

Secessionist

Rio Grande do Sul
- Political party: Movimento da Republica Rio-Grandense
- Proposed state: República Rio-Grandense

Santa Catarina
- Proposed state: Juliana Republic

São Paulo
- Political party: Movimento São Paulo Independente, Movimento República de São Paulo, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1887 manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
- Proposed state: República de São Paulo

- Proposed state: Confederation of the Equator
- Political party: parts of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Ceará

[edit] Colombia

Pasto
- Rebel organization: Remnants of the Royalist army

[edit] Peru

Loreto
- Political party: Liga Loretana

[edit] Spanish America

Logia Lautaro

[edit] Oceania

[edit] Australia

Western Australia (Main article: Secessionism in Western Australia)

[edit] Fiji

Political party: Fijian Alliance

[edit] Kiribati

Political party: Gilbertese National Party

[edit] New Zealand

South Island (Main article: South Island nationalism)
- Political parties: South Island Party
- Pressure group: Southern Separation League
- Autonomous region: New Munster

[edit] Papua New Guinea

Political party: Papua Besena

[edit] Samoa

Protest movement: Mau movement

[edit] Solomon Islands

Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

[edit] Vanuatu

Political party: Nagriamel, New Hebrides Cultural Association, New Hebrides National Party, Vanua'aku Pati
Religious movement: John Frum
Parallel government: People's Provisional Government (PPG)

[edit] See also

List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations

[edit] References

^ Cairn Article (in French) "De son côté, le parti communiste s’impose à La Réunion comme la principale formation politique après avoir abjuré son mot d’ordre d’autonomie"

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