List of languages by time of extinction

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This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction. When the exact time of death of the last remaining speaker is not known, either an approximate time or the date when the language was last being recorded is given. However, the list is not complete.

Contents

[edit] 21st century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
2010 Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole Portuguese-based Creole southern India after the death of William Rozario[1]
2010 Aka-Bo Andamanese Andaman Islands, India after the death of Boa Sr.[2]
2009 Aka-Kora Andamanese Andaman Islands, India after the death of Boro[3]
2008 Eyak Na-Dene Alaska, USA after the death of Marie Smith Jones
2003 Akkala Sami Uralic Kola Peninsula, Russia after the death of Marja Sergina
2002 Gaagudju Arnhem Land languages Northern Territory, Australia after the death of Big Bill Neidjie
2000 Sowa Malayo-Polynesian Pentecost Island, Vanuatu with the death of Maurice Tabi

[edit] 20th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 20th century Newfoundland Irish Celtic Newfoundland, Canada
late 1990s Munichi unclassified Loreto Region, Peru Last speaker was Victoria Huancho Icahuate
1998 Mlahsô Semitic Syria, Turkey Last speaker was Ibrahim Hanna [4]
1997 Sireniki Yupik Eskimo–Aleut Chukotka Peninsula, Russia Last speaker was Valentina Wye[5]
1993 Eastern Abnaki Algonquian Maine, USA Last speaker was Madeline Shay
ca. 1990s Lumaete dialect of Kayeli Malayo-Polynesian central Maluku, Indonesia [6]
1994 Northern Pomo Hokan (controversial) California, USA

Last speaker was Edna Guerrero
1992 Ubykh Northwest Caucasian Balıkesir Province, Turkey with the death of Tevfik Esenç
1991 Pánobo Panoan Peru [7]
1990 Shasta Shastan California, USA
1990 Wappo Yuki–Wappo California, USA Last speaker was Laura Fish Somersal
1989 Kamassian Samoyedic Ural mountains, Russia Last speaker was Klavdiya Plotnikova
1989 Leliali dialect of Kayeli Malayo-Polynesian central Maluku, Indonesia in March 1989[8][9]
1989 Miami-Illinois Algonquian along the Mississippi River, USA
1989 Kungarakany Gunwinyguan Northern Territory, Australia Last speaker was Madeline England[10][11]
1988 Atsugewi Palaihnihan California, USA
1988 Nooksack Salishan Washington, USA [12]
1988 ǁXegwi Tuu South Africa [13]
between 1976 and 1999 Kw'adza Cushitic Tanzania [14]
1987 Negerhollands Dutch-based creole U.S. Virgin Islands
1987 Basa-Gumna Benue–Congo Niger State/Plateau State, Nigeria [15]
1986 Mangala Pama–Nyungan Western Australia, Australia [16]
1984 Yavitero Arawakan Venezuela [17][18]
after 1981 Umbugarla Arnhem Land languages Northern Territory, Australia Last speaker was Butcher Knight
1980 Twana Salishan Washington, USA [19][20]
between 1971 and 1981 Kwadi Khoe southwestern Angola [21]
1975 Yugh Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [22][23]
1970s – 1980s Chicomuceltec Mayan Mexico; Guatemala
1977 Shuadit Romance southern France [24][25]
after 1976 Muskum Chadic western Chad [26]
1976 Aasáx Cushitic Tanzania [27]
1975 Homa Bantu southern Sudan [28]
ca. 1970s Siuslaw Penutian Oregon, USA
1974 Manx Celtic Isle of Man, UK now being revived as a second language[29]
1974 Moksela Malayo-Polynesian Maluku, Indonesia [30]
before 1974 Cacaopera Misumalpan El Salvador [31]
1972 Hanis Penutian Oregon, USA
1972 Mbabaram Pama–Nyungan Queensland, Australia
1970 Tillamook Salishan Oregon, USA [32]
before 1968 Sened Berber Tunisia
1965 Barbareño Chumashan California, USA
ca. 1960s Pirlatapa Pama–Nyungan South Australia [33]
1963 Galice Na-Dene Oregon, USA
1963 Jorá Tupi Bolivia [34]
1962 Wiyot Algic California, USA
after 1961 Wyandot Iroquoian Oklahoma, USA; Quebec, Canada currently taught to children in school
before 1960 Catawba Siouan South Carolina, USA [35]
1958 Salinan isolated California, USA
1958 Molala Penutian Oregon, USA
1958 Omurano Zaparoan Peru [36][37]
ca. 1950s Central Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, USA with the Santiam dialect
ca. 1950s Pijao unclassified Colombia [38]
after 1954 Tây Bồi French-based Pidgin Vietnam [39][40]
1954 Ifo Malayo-Polynesian Erromanga Island, Vanuatu [41]
1952 Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Sign language Massachusetts, USA
1950 Kaniet Malayo-Polynesian Manus Province, Papua New Guinea [42][43]
mid-20th century Ventureño Chumashan California, USA
mid-20th century Slovincian Slavic Pomerania, Poland
mid-20th century Tunica isolated Louisiana, USA
after 1949 Kunza unclassified Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru
after 1947 Gafat Semitic along the Abbay River, Ethiopia
ca. 1940s Chemakum Chimakuan Washington, USA
after 1942 Upper Umpqua Athabascan Oregon, USA
1942 Alsea Penutian Oregon, USA
1940 Chitimacha isolated Louisiana, USA
1940 Pentlatch Salishan Vancouver Island, Canada [44]
1939 Miluk Penutian Oregon, USA
1939 Rumsen Penutian California, USA
1937 Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, USA with the Tualatin dialect
1937 Yoncalla Kalapuyan Oregon, USA
1937 Kitanemuk Uto-Aztecan California, USA
1936 Narungga Pama–Nyungan South Australia, Australia [45]
ca. 1930s Cayuse isolated/unclassified Oregon, USA
ca. 1930s Chimariko isolated California, USA
ca. 1930s Kathlamet Penutian Washington/Oregon, USA
ca. 1930s Lower Chinook Penutian Washington/Oregon, USA
ca. 1930s Mahican Algonquian New York, USA
ca. 1930s Natchez isolated Mississippi, USA
ca. 1930s Clackamas dialect of Upper Chinook Penutian Washington/Oregon, USA
ca. 1930s Kitsai Caddoan Oklahoma, USA
after 1934 Biloxi Siouan Louisiana, USA
1934 Juaneño Uto-Aztecan California, USA
1934 Takelma isolated Oregon, USA
1933 Gabrielino Uto-Aztecan California, USA
after 1931 Tonkawa isolated Oklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, USA
1930 Mutsun Penutian California, USA
ca. 1930 Mattole Na-Dene California, USA
between 1920 and 1940 Ajawa Chadic Bauchi State, Nigeria [46]
ca. 1929 Bear River
after 1925 Subtiaba Oto-Manguean or Subtiaba-Tlapanec Nicaragua
ca. 1920s Chochenyo Penutian California, USA
ca. 1920s Island Carib Cariban Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea
after 1921 Chagatai Turkic Central Asia
ca. 1920 Mochica Chimuan northwest Peru
after 1917 Pochutec Uto-Aztecan Oaxaca, Mexico
1916 Yahi Hokan (controversial) California, USA with death of last speaker Ishi[47]
1915 Yamhill dialect of Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, USA
before 1913 Tataviam Uto-Aztecan California, USA
1910 Kwalhioqua
after 1908 Siraya Austronesian southwestern Taiwan [48]
1908 Mohegan Algonquian southern New England, USA
1905 Tasmanian unclassified Tasmania, Australia
early 20th century Atakapa isolated Louisiana/Texas, USA
early 20th century Jersey Dutch Dutch-based creole New Jersey, USA
early 20th century Kazukuru Malayo-Polynesian New Georgia, Solomon Islands
early 20th century Kyakhta Russian-Chinese Pidgin Chinese/Russian-based contact language
early 20th century Chaná Charruan Uruguay

[edit] 19th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 19th century Adai isolated Louisiana, USA
late 19th century Esselen Hokan (controversial) California, USA report of last speakers left from 1833
late 19th century Massachusett Algonquian Massachusetts, USA
1898 Dalmatian Romance Croatia; Montenegro with the Vegliot dialect
after 1894 Tsetsaut Na-Dene British Columbia, Canada
1886 Comecrudo Comecrudan Mexico; Texas, USA
1886 Cotoname isolated Mexico; Texas, USA
1884 Yaquina Penutian Oregon, USA
ca. 1880 Auregnais Romance Alderney, UK
after 1870s Moriori Malayo-Polynesian Chatham Island, New Zealand dialect of Māori
1877 Aruá Arauan Brazil
mid 1870s Yola Germanic Wexford, Ireland [49]
1870 Clatskanie
1858 Karankawa unclassified Texas, USA
19th century Mediterranean Lingua Franca Romance-based Pidgin Tunisia; Greece; Cyprus [50]
19th century Chorotega Oto-Manguean Costa Rica; Nicaragua [51]
19th century Matagalpa Misumalpan Nicaragua
19th century Ramaytush Penutian California, USA
19th century Kemi Sami Uralic Lapland, Finland [52]
mid-19th century Shinnecock Algonquian New York, USA
ca. 1850s Kott Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [53]
ca. 1840s Mator Samoyedic Sayan Mountains, Russia
1836 Nottoway Iroquoian Virginia, USA
1829 Beothuk Algonquian Newfoundland, Canada
1828 Garza Comecrudan Mexico
1828 Mamulique Comecrudan Nuevo León, Mexico
1821 Karkin Penutian California, USA
1815 Tamboran speakers were killed by a Volcanic eruption[54]
early 19th century Cochimí Hokan (controversial) Baja California, Mexico
early 19th century Pumpokol Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [55]
ca. 19th century Crimean Gothic Germanic Crimea, Ukraine
ca. 19th century Assan Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [56]

[edit] 18th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 18th century Polabian Slavic around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany
late 18th century Norn Germanic Shetland/Orkney, UK
late 18th century Esuma Kwa southern Côte d'Ivoire [57]
after 1791 Quiripi Algonquian Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, USA [58]
ca. 1790s Powhatan Algonquian eastern Virginia, USA
ca. 1770s Abipón Mataco–Guaicuru Argentina
1763 Susquehannock Iroquoian Maryland/Virginia, USA
18th century Coahuilteco isolated Mexico; Texas, USA
18th century Modern Gutnish Germanic Gotland/Fårö, Sweden
18th century Etchemin Algonquian Maine, USA
18th century Chibcha Chibchan Colombia
18th century Classical Gaelic Celtic Scotland, UK
between 17th and 19th century Niuatoputapu Malayo-Polynesian Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga [59]
ca. 1730s Arin Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [60]
ca. 18th century Chané Arawakan Argentina a dialect of Terêna
early 18th century Apalachee Muskogean Florida, USA
early 18th century Old Prussian Baltic Poland
late 17th to early 18th century Cacán isolated northern Argentina; Chile

[edit] 17th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 17th century Sudovian Baltic Lithuania
17th century Jassic Indo-Iranian Hungary
17th century Egyptian/Demotic/Coptic Afro-Asiatic Egypt Coptic is used as a liturgical language nowadays
17th century Curonian either Finnic or Baltic Latvia
early 17th century Cuman Turkic north of Black Sea; Hungary

[edit] 16th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 16th century Knaanic Slavic Czech Republic; Poland
late 16th century Laurentian Iroquoian Quebec/Ontario, Canada
16th century Semigallian Baltic Latvia; Lithuania
16th century Guanche unclassified, maybe Berber Canary Islands, Spain [61]
after 1502 Tangut Sino-Tibetan northwestern China; southern Mongolia latest text dates to 1502

[edit] 15th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
end of 15th century Mozarabic Romance Spain; Portugal [62]
late 15th century Greenlandic Norse Germanic Greenland
late 15th century Selonian Baltic Latvia; Lithuania
15th century Classical Nahuatl Uto-Aztecan Mexico evolved into several dialects of modern Nahuatl
15th century Old Nubian Nilo-Saharan Northern Sudan; Southern Egypt evolved into Nobiin and other languages

[edit] 10th to 14th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
14th century Galindian Baltic northern Poland; Russia
14th century Zarphatic Romance northern France; west-central Germany
13th – 14th century Bulgar Turkic Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia
between 1000 and 1300 Khazar Turkic northern Caucasus; Central Asia
11th – 12th century Cumbric Celtic England/Scotland, UK
11th – 12th century Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Semitic Iraq [63]
10th – 12th century Syriac Semitic Turkey; Iraq; Syria still used as a literary secular language[64]
10th – 12th century Samaritan Aramaic Semitic West Bank, Israel now only used as liturgical language[65]
11th century Prakrit Indo-Aryan India
ca. 1000 Lombardic Germanic central Europe; northern Italy
ca. 1000 Merya Uralic Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia
ca. 1000 Muromian Uralic Vladimir Oblast, Russia
ca. 1000 Alanic Iranian Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia evolved into Ossetian
10th century Sakan Indo-Iranian Xinjiang, China
10th century Zhang-Zhung Sino-Tibetan western Tibet (Central Asia)

[edit] 5th to 9th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
9th century or later Pictish Celtic Scotland, UK
9th century Gothic Germanic Spain; Portugal; Italy with the exception of Crimean Gothic
9th century Latin Indo-European southern, central and western Europe evolved into the Romance languages
9th century Sogdian Iranian Uzbekistan; Tajikistan evolved partly into Yaghnobi
after 840 Tocharian Indo-European Tarim Basin (Central Asia)
after 6th century Gaulish Celtic France; Belgium
6th century Dacian Indo-European Balkans
6th century Illyrian Indo-European western Balkans disputed
6th century Sabaean Semitic Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula
6th century Vandalic Germanic Spain; North Africa
5th – 7th century Phrygian Indo-European southeastern Bulgaria; Turkey
before 6th century Ligurian unclassified northwestern Italy; southeastern France [66]
after 453 Hunnic possibly Altaic from the Eurasian steppe into Europe
5th century Thracian Indo-European eastern and central Balkans
early 5th century Punic Semitic North Africa
ca. 400 Meroitic unclassified, maybe Nilo-Saharan Sudan
ca. 400 Sarmatian Iranian Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia evolved into Alanic

[edit] 1st to 4th century AD

Date Language Language family Region Notes
4th century AD Galatian Celtic central Turkey
4th century AD Ge'ez Semitic Ethiopia; Eritrea ;[67] still used as a liturgical language
4th century AD Classical Hebrew Semitic Israel revived in the 1880s
after 300 AD Parthian Iranian Iran
3rd century AD Raetic unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian eastern Alps
after 2nd century AD Noric Celtic Austria; Slovenia
ca. 2nd century AD Celtiberian Celtic Spain
2nd century AD Lusitanian Indo-European Portugal; Spain
1st – 2nd century AD Paeonian Indo-European Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria
1st – 2nd century AD Iberian unclassified Spain; France
100 AD Etruscan Tyrsenian central Italy
ca. 100 AD Akkadian Semitic Iraq [68]
1st century AD Liburnian Indo-European western Croatia
1st century AD Venetic Indo-European northeastern Italy

[edit] 1st millennium BC

Date Language Language family Region Notes
1st century BC Carian Indo-European southwestern Turkey
1st century BC Elymian Unclassified languages western Sicily
1st century BC Lycian Indo-European southwestern Turkey
1st century BC Lydian Indo-European western Turkey
1st century BC Messapian Indo-European Puglia, Italy
1st century BC Oscan Italic southern Italy
1st century BC Sabine Italic central Italy
1st century BC Sicanian Unclassified languages central Sicily
1st century BC Sicel Indo-European languages eastern Sicily
1st century BC Umbrian Italic central Italy
ca. 150 BC Faliscan Indo-European Tuscany/Latium, Italy
ca. 3rd century BC Aequian Italic Latium, east-central Italy
ca. 3rd century BC Sidetic Indo-European southwestern Turkey
ca. 300 BC Philistine unclassified, maybe Indo-European Israel; Lebanon
ca. 300 BC Scythian Iranian Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia evolved into Sarmatian
4th century BC Ancient Macedonian Indo-European northeastern Greece
ca. 350 BC Elamite isolated Iran; southern Iraq
early 4th century BC Eteocypriot isolated/unclassified Cyprus
ca. 400 BC Lepontic Celtic northern Italy
5th century BC Ammonite Semitic northwestern Jordan
5th century BC Moabite Semitic northwestern Jordan
maybe 5th century BC Phoenician Semitic Lebanon; Israel; Mediterranean coast evolved into Punic
after 6th century BC Lemnian Tyrsenian Lemnos, Greece [69]
6th century BC Edomite Semitic southwestern Jordan
ca. 600 BC Luwian Indo-European Turkey; northern Syria
7th century BC Urartian Hurro-Urartian Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Turkey
early 1st millennium BC Eteocretan isolated/unclassified Crete, Greece

[edit] 2nd millennium BC

Date Language Language family Region Notes
ca. 1100 BC Hittite Indo-European Turkey
after 1170 BC Ugaritic Semitic Syria following the destruction of Ugarit
ca. 1200 BC Hurrian Hurro-Urartian Turkey; Syria; Iraq
ca. 1300 BC Palaic Indo-European northwest Turkey
ca. 1500 BC Hattic isolated Turkey
2nd millennium BC Eblaite Semitic Syria
early 2nd millennium BC Sumerian isolated Iraq

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.write2kill.in/critiques/people/376.html
  2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8498534.stm
  3. ^ Andamanese tribes, languages die, The Hindu
  4. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lhs
  5. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ysr
  6. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kzl
  7. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pno
  8. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kzl
  9. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  10. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ggk
  11. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  12. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  13. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xeg
  14. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wka
  15. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bsl
  16. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mem
  17. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  18. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yvt
  19. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  20. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=twa
  21. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kwz
  22. ^ Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  23. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  24. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sdt
  25. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  26. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mje
  27. ^ http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=44605&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
  28. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hom
  29. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glv
  30. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vms
  31. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ccr
  32. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  33. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bxi
  34. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  35. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=chc
  36. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=omu
  37. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  38. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pij
  39. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tas
  40. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188.
  41. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=iff
  42. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ktk
  43. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  44. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 188
  45. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nnr
  46. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ajw
  47. ^ Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 51.
  48. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fos
  49. ^ http://homepage.tinet.ie/~taghmon/histsoc/vol3/chapter4/chapter4.htm
  50. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125.
  51. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cjr
  52. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sjk
  53. ^ Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  54. ^ Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 52.
  55. ^ Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  56. ^ Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  57. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=esm
  58. ^ http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2008-038_qyp.pdf
  59. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nkp
  60. ^ Vajda, Edward J. Loanwords in Ket; in: Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, p. 471. (in press)
  61. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gnc
  62. ^ http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Mozarabic/Mozarabic.htm
  63. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tmr
  64. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=syc
  65. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sam
  66. ^ Haarman, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125
  67. ^ O'Leary, De Lacy Evans. 2000. Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages.. Routledge; p. 23.
  68. ^ http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=akk
  69. ^ Haarman, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 124.

[edit] See also

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