List of longest-reigning monarchs

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This is the list of the longest reigning monarchs of all time, detailing monarchs and lifelong leaders who reigned for more than 50 years, sorted by length of reign. Currently reigning monarchs are highlighted.

  • Note: the abbreviation (HRE) indicates a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire.

Contents

Monarchs with verifiable reigns by exact date [edit]

Name Country Reign Duration
from to days years/days
Sobhuza II[1] Swaziland 01899-12-1010 December 1899 01982-08-2121 August 1982 30,204 700182000000000000082 years, 7002254000000000000254 days
Bernhard VII Lippe (HRE) 01429-08-1111 August 1429 01511-04-022 April 1511 29,818 700181000000000000081 years, 7002234000000000000234 days
Wilhelm IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (HRE) 01480-05-2626 May 1480 01559-01-2424 January 1559 28,731 700178000000000000078 years, 7002243000000000000243 days
Heinrich XI[2] Reuss-Obergreiz (HRE) 01723-03-1717 March 1723 01800-06-2828 June 1800 28,227 700177000000000000077 years, 7002103000000000000103 days
Christian August Palatinate-Sulzbach (HRE) 01632-08-1414 August 1632 01708-04-2323 April 1708 27,645 700175000000000000075 years, 7002253000000000000253 days
Muhoji IV Rao Phaltan (India) 01841-12-077 December 1841 01916-10-1717 October 1916 27,342 700174000000000000074 years, 7002315000000000000315 days
Bhagvatsingh Sahib Gondal state (India) 01869-12-1414 December 1869 01944-03-1010 March 1944 27,114 700174000000000000074 years, 700187000000000000087 days
Georg Wilhelm Schaumburg-Lippe 01787-02-1313 February 1787 01860-11-2121 November 1860 26,944 700173000000000000073 years, 7002282000000000000282 days
Karl Friedrich Baden 01738-05-1212 May 1738 01811-06-1010 June 1811 26,691 700173000000000000073 years, 700129000000000000029 days
John Louis Nassau-Saarbrücken (HRE) 01472-10-1919 October 1472 01545-06-044 June 1545 26,525 700172000000000000072 years, 7002228000000000000228 days[3]
Jagatjit Singh Bahadur Kapurthala (India) 01877-01-1414 January 1877 01949-06-1919 June 1949 26,453 700172000000000000072 years, 7002156000000000000156 days
Louis XIV France 01643-05-1414 May 1643 01715-09-011 September 1715 26,407 700172000000000000072 years, 7002110000000000000110 days
Heinrich Friedrich Hohenlohe-Langenburg (HRE) 01628-01-2929 January 1628 01699-08-055 August 1699 26,121 700171000000000000071 years, 7002188000000000000188 days
Parashuramrao Shrinivas Aundh (India) 01777-08-3030 August 1777 01848-06-1111 June 1848 25,852 700170000000000000070 years, 7002286000000000000286 days
Franz Karl Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen (HRE) 01627-11-1515 November 1627 01698-07-1919 July 1698 25,814 700170000000000000070 years, 7002246000000000000246 days
Johannes II Liechtenstein 01858-11-1212 November 1858 01929-02-1111 February 1929 25,658 700170000000000000070 years, 700191000000000000091 days
Karl August Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 01758-05-2828 May 1758 01828-06-1414 June 1828 25,584 700170000000000000070 years, 700117000000000000017 days
Werner Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (HRE) 01559-10-3131 October 1559 01629-02-1616 February 1629 25,311 700169000000000000069 years, 7002108000000000000108 days
Heinrich Joseph Johann Auersperg (HRE) 01713-11-066 November 1713 01783-02-099 February 1783 25,297 700169000000000000069 years, 700195000000000000095 days
Friedrich III[4] Inner Austria (HRE) 01424-06-1010 June 1424 01493-08-1919 August 1493 25,272 700169000000000000069 years, 700170000000000000070 days
Friedrich V Hesse-Homburg 01751-02-077 February 1751 01820-01-2020 January 1820 25,183 700168000000000000068 years, 7002347000000000000347 days
Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar Mysore (India) 01799-06-3030 June 1799 01868-03-2727 March 1868 25,107 700168000000000000068 years, 7002271000000000000271 days
Johann Friedrich Castell-Rüdenhausen (HRE) 01681-01-1010 January 1681 01749-06-2323 June 1749 25,000 700168000000000000068 years, 7002164000000000000164 days
Sawant Singh[5] Pratapgarh (India) 01775-10-2626 October 1775 01844-01-055 January 1844 24,907 700168000000000000068 years, 700171000000000000071 days
K'inich Janaab' Pakal Palenque 00615-07-2929 July 615 00683-08-3131 August 683 24,870 700168000000000000068 years, 700133000000000000033 days
Christian Karl Reinhard Leiningen-Dagsburg (HRE) 01698-11-033 November 1698 01766-11-1717 November 1766 24,850 700168000000000000068 years, 700114000000000000014 days
Franz Joseph I Austria-Hungary 01848-12-022 December 1848 01916-11-2121 November 1916 24,825 700167000000000000067 years, 7002355000000000000355 days
Malietoa Tanumafili II[6] Samoa 01939-07-055 July 1939 02007-05-1111 May 2007 24,782 700167000000000000067 years, 7002310000000000000310 days
Heinrich III Meissen (HRE) 01221-01-1818 January 1221 01288-02-1515 February 1288 24,499 700167000000000000067 years, 700128000000000000028 days
Aliénor[7] Aquitaine 01137-04-099 April 1137 01204-04-011 April 1204 24,464 700166000000000000066 years, 7002358000000000000358 days
Rama IX Thailand 01946-06-099 June 1946 present 24,452 700166000000000000066 years, 7002345000000000000345 days
Amarsinhji[8] Wankaner (India) 01881-06-1212 June 1881 01948-02-1515 February 1948 24,353 700166000000000000066 years, 7002248000000000000248 days
Khengarji III Cutch (India) 01875-12-1919 December 1875 01942-01-1515 January 1942 24,133 700166000000000000066 years, 700127000000000000027 days
Leopold III Anhalt-Dessau (HRE) 01751-12-1616 December 1751 01817-08-099 August 1817 23,977 700165000000000000065 years, 7002236000000000000236 days
Ferdinand III Sicily 01759-10-066 October 1759 01825-01-044 January 1825 23,831 700165000000000000065 years, 700190000000000000090 days
Frederick William Hohenzollern-Hechingen (HRE) 01671-01-1313 January 1671 01735-11-1414 November 1735 23,680 700164000000000000064 years, 7002305000000000000305 days
Sayajirao Gaekwad III Baroda State (India) 01875-05-2727 May 1875 01939-02-066 February 1939 23,571 700164000000000000064 years, 7002196000000000000196 days
Sultan Ibrahim Johor (Malaysia) 01895-06-044 June 1895 01959-05-088 May 1959 23,348 700163000000000000063 years, 7002338000000000000338 days
Albert Anton Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (HRE) 01646-11-044 November 1646 01710-06-2424 June 1710 23,242 700163000000000000063 years, 7002232000000000000232 days
Anton Günther Oldenburg (HRE) 01603-11-1212 November 1603 01667-06-1919 June 1667 23,230 700163000000000000063 years, 7002219000000000000219 days
Victoria British Empire 01837-06-2020 June 1837 01901-01-2222 January 1901 23,226 700163000000000000063 years, 7002216000000000000216 days
Friedrich August I[9] Saxony 01763-12-1717 December 1763 01827-05-055 May 1827 23,149 700163000000000000063 years, 7002139000000000000139 days
Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa Bahrain 01869-12-011 December 1869 01932-12-099 December 1932 23,018 700163000000000000063 years, 70008000000000000008 days
Charles III Upper Lorraine (HRE) 01545-06-1212 June 1545 01608-05-1414 May 1608 22,982 700162000000000000062 years, 7002337000000000000337 days
James I Aragon (Spain) 01213-09-1212 September 1213 01276-07-2727 July 1276 22,964 700162000000000000062 years, 7002319000000000000319 days
Bernhard II Saxe-Meiningen 01803-12-2424 December 1803 01866-09-2020 September 1866 22,916 700162000000000000062 years, 7002270000000000000270 days
Philipp II Nassau-Weilburg (HRE) 01429-07-022 July 1429 01492-03-1919 March 1492 22,906 700162000000000000062 years, 7002261000000000000261 days[10]
Leopold-Philippe Arenberg (HRE) 01691-08-1919 August 1691 01754-03-044 March 1754 22,842 700162000000000000062 years, 7002197000000000000197 days
Nawab Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Salarzai[11] Tonk (India) 01867-12-2020 December 1867 01930-06-2323 June 1930 22,830 700162000000000000062 years, 7002185000000000000185 days
Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates) 01948-07-1717 July 1948 02010-10-2727 October 2010 22,747 700162000000000000062 years, 7002102000000000000102 days
Hirohito (Shōwa)[12] Japan 01926-12-2525 December 1926 01989-01-077 January 1989 22,659 700162000000000000062 years, 700113000000000000013 days
Kangxi[13] Qing (China) 01661-02-077 February 1661 01722-12-2020 December 1722 22,595 700161000000000000061 years, 7002316000000000000316 days
Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah Kedah (Malaysia) 01881-09-2222 September 1881 01943-05-1313 May 1943 22,512 700161000000000000061 years, 7002233000000000000233 days
Philip IV Waldeck-Wildungen (HRE) 01513-05-2828 May 1513 01574-11-3030 November 1574 22,466 700161000000000000061 years, 7002186000000000000186 days
Paku Alam VIII Pakualaman (Indonesia) 01937-04-1212 April 1937 01998-09-1111 September 1998 22,432 700161000000000000061 years, 7002152000000000000152 days
Victor Amadeus Anhalt-Bernburg (HRE) 01656-09-2222 September 1656 01718-02-1414 February 1718 22,424 700161000000000000061 years, 7002145000000000000145 days
Elizabeth II Commonwealth Realms[14] 01952-02-066 February 1952 present 22,384 700161000000000000061 years, 7002103000000000000103 days
Ulrich V Württemberg-Stuttgart (HRE) 01419-07-022 July 1419 01480-09-011 September 1480 22,342 700161000000000000061 years, 700161000000000000061 days[15]
Ernst Ludwig Hesse-Darmstadt (HRE) 01678-08-3131 August 1678 01739-09-1212 September 1739 22,291 700161000000000000061 years, 700112000000000000012 days
Johann Friedrich I Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (HRE) 01641-10-1111 October 1641 01702-10-1717 October 1702 22,285 700161000000000000061 years, 70006000000000000006 days
Wilhelm Moritz II Isenburg-Philippseich (HRE) 01711-03-088 March 1711 01772-03-077 March 1772 22,280 700160000000000000060 years, 7002365000000000000365 days
Christian Ernst Stolberg-Wernigerode (HRE) 01710-11-099 November 1710 01771-10-2525 October 1771 22,265 700160000000000000060 years, 7002350000000000000350 days
Adolf III Schauenburg and Holstein (HRE) 01164-07-066 July 1164 01225-01-033 January 1225 22,096 700160000000000000060 years, 7002181000000000000181 days
Leopold Ludwig Palatinate-Veldenz (HRE) 01634-06-033 June 1634 01694-09-2929 September 1694 22,033 700160000000000000060 years, 7002118000000000000118 days
Qianlong Qing (China) 01735-10-1818 October 1735 01796-02-088 February 1796 22,028 700160000000000000060 years, 7002113000000000000113 days
Friedrich Günther Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 01807-04-2828 April 1807 01867-06-2828 June 1867 21,976 700160000000000000060 years, 700161000000000000061 days
Pakubuwono XII Surakarta (Indonesia) 01944-06-1111 June 1944 02004-06-1111 June 2004 21,915 700160000000000000060 years, 50000000000000000000 days[16]
Johann Jakob I Waldburg-Zeil (HRE) 01614-05-044 May 1614[17] 01674-04-1818 April 1674 21,899 700159000000000000059 years, 7002349000000000000349 days
Christian IV Denmark 01588-04-044 April 1588 01648-02-2828 February 1648 21,879 700159000000000000059 years, 7002330000000000000330 days
Gustav Adolf Mecklenburg-Güstrow (HRE) 01636-04-2323 April 1636 01695-10-066 October 1695 21,715 700159000000000000059 years, 7002166000000000000166 days
Georg Friedrich I Brandenburg-Ansbach (HRE) 01543-12-2727 December 1543 01603-04-2525 April 1603 21,669 700159000000000000059 years, 7002119000000000000119 days
Karl I Hesse-Kassel (HRE) 01670-12-011 December 1670 01730-03-2323 March 1730 21,661 700159000000000000059 years, 7002112000000000000112 days
George III United Kingdom 01760-10-2525 October 1760 01820-01-2929 January 1820 21,644 700159000000000000059 years, 700196000000000000096 days
Honoré III Monaco 01733-11-077 November 1733 01793-01-1919 January 1793 21,623 700159000000000000059 years, 700173000000000000073 days
Barnim I Pomerania-Stettin 01220-01-2323 January 1220 01278-12-1313 December 1278 21,509 700158000000000000058 years, 7002324000000000000324 days
Louis XV France 01715-09-011 September 1715 01774-05-1010 May 1774 21,436 700158000000000000058 years, 7002251000000000000251 days
Pedro II Brazil 01831-04-077 April 1831 01889-11-1515 November 1889 21,407 700158000000000000058 years, 7002222000000000000222 days
Ludovico I Saluzzo 01416-10-01October 1416 01475-04-088 April 1475 21,373 700158000000000000058 years, 7002189000000000000189 days
Nikola I Montenegro 01860-08-1313 August 1860 01918-11-2626 November 1918 21,288 700158000000000000058 years, 7002105000000000000105 days
Philipp Hesse-Philippsthal (HRE) 01663-07-1616 July 1663 01721-06-1818 June 1721 21,156 700157000000000000057 years, 7002337000000000000337 days
Wilhelmina The Netherlands 01890-11-2323 November 1890 01948-09-044 September 1948 21,104 700157000000000000057 years, 7002286000000000000286 days
Philipp I Nassau-Weilburg (HRE) 01371-09-2020 September 1371 01429-07-022 July 1429 21,104 700157000000000000057 years, 7002285000000000000285 days
Philipp I Hesse (HRE) 01509-07-1111 July 1509 01567-03-3131 March 1567 21,082 700157000000000000057 years, 7002263000000000000263 days
James VI Scotland 01567-07-2424 July 1567 01625-03-2727 March 1625 21,066 700157000000000000057 years, 7002246000000000000246 days
Al-Mustansir Billah[18] Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt) 01036-06-1313 June 1036 01094-01-1010 January 1094 21,030 700157000000000000057 years, 7002211000000000000211 days
Albrecht I Hohenlohe-Weikersheim (HRE) 01371-11-1616 November 1371 01429-06-1515 June 1429 21,030 700157000000000000057 years, 7002211000000000000211 days
Rudolf I Saxe-Wittenberg (HRE) 01298-08-2525 August 1298 01356-03-1212 March 1356 21,018 700157000000000000057 years, 7002200000000000000200 days
Afonso I Portugal 01128-06-2424 June 1128 01185-12-066 December 1185 20,984 700157000000000000057 years, 7002165000000000000165 days
Karl Nassau-Usingen (HRE) 01718-02-1414 February 1718 01775-06-2121 June 1775 20,946 700157000000000000057 years, 7002127000000000000127 days
Karl Eusebius Liechtenstein (HRE) 01627-02-1212 February 1627 01684-04-055 April 1684 20,872 700157000000000000057 years, 700153000000000000053 days
Honoré II Monaco 01604-11-2929 November 1604 01662-01-1010 January 1662 20,861 700157000000000000057 years, 700142000000000000042 days
Christian Ernst Brandenburg-Bayreuth (HRE) 01655-05-3030 May 1655 01712-05-2020 May 1712 20,809 700156000000000000056 years, 7002356000000000000356 days
Heinrich XVI Bavaria-Landshut (HRE) 01393-12-044 December 1393 01450-07-3030 July 1450 20,691 700156000000000000056 years, 7002238000000000000238 days
Karl Eugen Württemberg (HRE) 01737-03-1212 March 1737 01793-10-2424 October 1793 20,680 700156000000000000056 years, 7002226000000000000226 days
Hermann II Baden (HRE) 01074-04-2525 April 1074 01130-10-077 October 1130 20,618 700156000000000000056 years, 7002165000000000000165 days
Conrad I Burgundy 00937-07-11July 11, 937 00993-10-19October 19, 993 20,554 700156000000000000056 years, 7002100000000000000100 days
Karl IV Theodor Electorate of the Palatinate (HRE) 01742-12-3131 December 1742 01799-02-1616 February 1799 20,501 700156000000000000056 years, 700147000000000000047 days
Alfonso VIII Castile (Spain) 01158-08-3131 August 1158 01214-10-055 October 1214 20,489 700156000000000000056 years, 700135000000000000035 days
Henry III England 01216-10-1919 October 1216 01272-11-1616 November 1272 20,482 700156000000000000056 years, 700128000000000000028 days
Rainier III Monaco 01949-05-099 May 1949 02005-04-066 April 2005 20,421 700155000000000000055 years, 7002332000000000000332 days
Abdullah I Al-Sabah Kuwait 01758-09-055 September 1758 01814-05-033 May 1814 20,328 700155000000000000055 years, 7002240000000000000240 days[19]
Sisavang Vong Laos 01904-03-2626 March 1904 01959-10-2929 October 1959 20,305 700155000000000000055 years, 7002217000000000000217 days
Ganga Singh Bikaner State (India) 01887-08-1919 August 1887 01943-02-022 February 1943 20,255 700155000000000000055 years, 7002167000000000000167 days
Vittorio Amedeo II Savoy (HRE) 01675-06-1212 June 1675 01730-09-033 September 1730 20,171 700155000000000000055 years, 700183000000000000083 days
Abdul Halim Kedah (Malaysia) 01958-07-1515 July 1958 present 20,033 700154000000000000054 years, 7002309000000000000309 days
Friedrich Casimir Ortenburg-Neuortenburg (HRE) 01603-07-044 July 1603 01658-03-022 March 1658 19,965 700154000000000000054 years, 7002241000000000000241 days
Ernst I Saxe-Altenburg 01853-08-033 August 1853 01908-02-077 February 1908 19,910 700154000000000000054 years, 7002188000000000000188 days
Heinrich IV Mecklenburg-Schwerin (HRE) 01422-10-1616 October 1422 01477-03-099 March 1477 19,868 700154000000000000054 years, 7002144000000000000144 days
Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Syed Hassan Jamalullail Perlis (Malaysia) 01945-12-044 December 1945 02000-04-1616 April 2000 19,857 700154000000000000054 years, 7002134000000000000134 days
Friedrich Magnus I Solms-Wildenfels (HRE) 01746-10-077 October 1746 01801-02-1212 February 1801 19,851 700154000000000000054 years, 7002128000000000000128 days
Ishwari Prasad Narayan Singh Benares (India) 01835-04-044 April 1835 01889-06-1313 June 1889 19,794 700154000000000000054 years, 700170000000000000070 days
Joseph Frederick Ernest Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (HRE) 01715-10-2020 October 1715 01769-12-088 December 1769 19,773 700154000000000000054 years, 700149000000000000049 days
Wilhelm Brunswick 01830-09-1010 September 1830 01884-10-1818 October 1884 19,762 700154000000000000054 years, 700138000000000000038 days
Heinrich V Brunswick-Lüneburg (HRE) 01514-06-2323 June 1514 01568-06-1111 June 1568 19,712 700153000000000000053 years, 7002354000000000000354 days
Maximilian I Bavaria (HRE) 01597-10-1515 October 1597 01651-09-2727 September 1651 19,705 700153000000000000053 years, 7002347000000000000347 days
Johann Ernst Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (HRE) 01675-03-2626 March 1675 01729-02-1717 February 1729 19,686 700153000000000000053 years, 7002328000000000000328 days
Henry III Limburg (HRE) 01167-08-1010 August 1167 01221-06-2121 June 1221 19,674 700153000000000000053 years, 7002315000000000000315 days
Johann Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (HRE) 01426-07-2626 July 1426 01480-05-099 May 1480 19,646 700153000000000000053 years, 7002288000000000000288 days
Leopold IV Anhalt-Dessau 01817-08-099 August 1817 01871-05-2222 May 1871 19,644 700153000000000000053 years, 7002286000000000000286 days
Maximilian Wunibald[20] Waldburg (HRE) 01663-07-1313 July 1663 01717-04-1616 April 1717 19,635 700153000000000000053 years, 7002277000000000000277 days
Leopold I Anhalt-Dessau (HRE) 01693-08-077 August 1693 01747-04-077 April 1747 19,600 700153000000000000053 years, 7002243000000000000243 days
Friedrich Ludwig Castell-Rüdenhausen (HRE) 01749-06-2323 June 1749 01803-02-077 February 1803 19,586 700153000000000000053 years, 7002229000000000000229 days
Ferdinand Ludwig Waldburg-Wolfegg (HRE) 01681-08-2121 August 1681 01735-04-066 April 1735 19,585 700153000000000000053 years, 7002228000000000000228 days
Cosimo III de' Medici Tuscany 01670-05-2323 May 1670 01723-10-3131 October 1723 19,518 700153000000000000053 years, 7002161000000000000161 days
Bernhard Carinthia (HRE) 01202-08-022 August 1202 01256-01-055 January 1256 19,514 700153000000000000053 years, 7002156000000000000156 days
Sikiru Kayode Adetona Ijebu Ode (Nigeria) 01960-01-044 January 1960 present 19,495 700153000000000000053 years, 7002136000000000000136 days
Hugues IV Burgundy (HRE) 01218-07-066 July 1218 01271-10-2727 October 1271 19,471 700153000000000000053 years, 7002113000000000000113 days
Gottfried Oettingen-Oettingen (HRE) 01569-10-011 October 1569 01622-09-077 September 1622 19,334 700152000000000000052 years, 7002341000000000000341 days
Fulk III Anjou 00987-07-21July 21, 987 01040-06-2121 June 1040 19,328 700152000000000000052 years, 7002336000000000000336 days
Wilhelm I/V[21] Jülich-Cleves-Berg (HRE) 01539-02-066 February 1539 01592-01-055 January 1592 19,326 700152000000000000052 years, 7002333000000000000333 days
Hermann V Baden-Baden (HRE) 01190-09-1313 September 1190 01243-01-1616 January 1243 19,118 700152000000000000052 years, 7002125000000000000125 days
Otto II Brunswick-Lüneburg (HRE) 01277-12-1313 December 1277 01330-04-1010 April 1330 19,110 700152000000000000052 years, 7002118000000000000118 days
Guillaume II[22] Normandy 01035-07-033 July 1035 01087-09-099 September 1087 19,061 700152000000000000052 years, 700168000000000000068 days
Emich XI Leiningen-Dagsburg (HRE) 01541-01-1010 January 1541 01593-03-1212 March 1593 19,054 700152000000000000052 years, 700161000000000000061 days
Ferdinand Maximilian II Isenburg-Wächtersbach (HRE) 01703-03-1414 March 1703 01755-04-2121 April 1755 19,031 700152000000000000052 years, 700138000000000000038 days
Christian Brandenburg-Bayreuth (HRE) 01603-04-2525 April 1603 01655-05-3030 May 1655 19,028 700152000000000000052 years, 700135000000000000035 days
Wilhelm the Elder[23] Waldburg-Trauchburg (HRE) 01505-02-1111 February 1505 01557-03-1717 March 1557 19,027 700152000000000000052 years, 700134000000000000034 days
Tahmasp I Persian Empire, Safavid Dynasty 01524-05-2323 May 1524 01576-05-1414 May 1576 18,984 700151000000000000051 years, 7002357000000000000357 days
Haakon VII Norway 01905-11-1818 November 1905 01957-09-2121 September 1957 18,935 700151000000000000051 years, 7002307000000000000307 days
Friedrich Franz I Mecklenburg-Schwerin 01785-04-2424 April 1785 01837-02-011 February 1837 18,910 700151000000000000051 years, 7002283000000000000283 days
Said bin Sultan Muscat and Oman 01804-11-2020 November 1804 01856-06-044 June 1856 18,824 700151000000000000051 years, 7002197000000000000197 days
Frédéric III Lorraine (HRE) 01251-06-2424 June 1251 01302-12-3131 December 1302 18,817 700151000000000000051 years, 7002190000000000000190 days
Yeongjo Joseon (Korea) 01724-08-3030 August 1724 01776-03-055 March 1776 18,815 700151000000000000051 years, 7002188000000000000188 days
Franz Albrecht I Oettingen-Spielberg (HRE) 01685-08-1010 August 1685 01737-02-033 February 1737 18,804 700151000000000000051 years, 7002177000000000000177 days
Henry IV Germany (HRE) 01054-07-1717 July 1054 01105-12-3131 December 1105 18,794 700151000000000000051 years, 7002167000000000000167 days
Karl Wilhelm Anhalt-Zerbst (HRE) 01667-07-044 July 1667 01718-11-033 November 1718 18,749 700151000000000000051 years, 7002122000000000000122 days
Franz Joseph II Liechtenstein 01938-07-2525 July 1938 01989-11-1313 November 1989 18,739 700151000000000000051 years, 7002111000000000000111 days
Charles I Hohenzollern (HRE) 01525-01-1515 January 1525 01576-03-1818 March 1576 18,690 700151000000000000051 years, 700163000000000000063 days
Friedrich I Baden 01856-09-055 September 1856 01907-09-2828 September 1907 18,649 700151000000000000051 years, 700123000000000000023 days
Johann Reinhard III Hanau-Lichtenberg (HRE) 01685-03-3030 March 1685 01736-03-2828 March 1736 18,625 700150000000000000050 years, 7002364000000000000364 days
Pedro IV Aragon (Spain) 01336-01-2424 January 1336 01387-01-066 January 1387 18,610 700150000000000000050 years, 7002347000000000000347 days
Jeanne Brabant (HRE) 01355-12-055 December 1355 01406-11-011 November 1406 18,593 700150000000000000050 years, 7002331000000000000331 days
Sigismund Hungary 01387-03-3131 March 1387 01437-12-099 December 1437 18,515 700150000000000000050 years, 7002253000000000000253 days
Pōmare IV Tahiti 01827-01-1111 January 1827 01877-09-1717 September 1877 18,512 700150000000000000050 years, 7002249000000000000249 days
Simon VI Lippe (HRE) 01563-04-1515 April 1563 01613-12-077 December 1613 18,499 700150000000000000050 years, 7002236000000000000236 days
Mwambutsa IV Burundi 01915-12-1616 December 1915 01966-07-088 July 1966 18,467 700150000000000000050 years, 7002204000000000000204 days
Ernst Wilhelm Bentheim-Steinfurt (HRE) 01643-02-1010 February 1643 01693-08-2626 August 1693 18,460 700150000000000000050 years, 7002197000000000000197 days
Edward III England 01327-01-2525 January 1327 01377-06-2121 June 1377 18,410 700150000000000000050 years, 7002147000000000000147 days
Ivan IV Russia 01533-12-033 December 1533 01584-03-1818 March 1584 18,378 700150000000000000050 years, 7002116000000000000116 days
Karl III Ortenburg-Neuortenburg (HRE) 01725-12-044 December 1725 01776-03-011 March 1776 18,367 700150000000000000050 years, 7002105000000000000105 days
Johann Ernst[20] Waldburg-Trauchburg (HRE) 01636-11-1717 November 1636 01687-02-088 February 1687 18,345 700150000000000000050 years, 700183000000000000083 days
Karl Friedrich Isenburg-Meerholz (HRE) 01724-02-1111 February 1724 01774-03-1414 March 1774 18,294 700150000000000000050 years, 700131000000000000031 days
Ludwig Eberhard Hohenlohe-Pfedelbach (HRE) 01600-10-2222 October 1600 01650-11-011 November 1650 18,272 700150000000000000050 years, 700110000000000000010 days

Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown [edit]

  • Note: These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a pure ranking of monarchs.
Name Country Reign Duration (approx. years)
from to
Pepi II Neferkare[24][25] Ancient Egypt -7722-01-012278 BC -7820-01-012180 BC 94 years94 years (disputed)
Taejo Goguryeo (Korea) 00053-01-0153 00146-01-01146 93 years93 years (disputed)
Ermanaric the Ostrogoth Oium 00196-01-01196 00276-01-01276 80 years (disputed)
Jangsu Goguryeo (Korea) 00413-01-01413 00491-01-01491 78 years
Mirian III Kingdom of Iberia 00268-01-01268 or 00284-01-01284 00345-01-01345 or 00361-01-01361 77 years
Johann Philipp[26] Stadion (HRE) 01666-01-011666 01741-01-011741 75 years
Wilhelm I Sayn-Wittgenstein (HRE) 01494-01-011494 01568-01-011568 74 years
Fazl Ali Khan II Bahadur Banganapalle (India) 01686-01-011686 01759-01-011759 73 years
Triệu Vũ Vương Triệu Dynasty (Ancient Viet Nam) -9793-01-01207 BC -9864-01-01136 BC 71 years
Simon I Lippe (HRE) 01273-01-011273 01344-01-011344 71 years
Heinrich VIII Fürstenberg-Wolfach (HRE) 01419-01-011419 01490-11-3030 November 1490 71 years
Pandukabhaya Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) -9563-01-01437 BC -9633-01-01367 BC 70 years
Ponhea Yat Khmer Empire 01393-01-011393 01463-01-011463 70 years
Johann Ulrich Stadion (HRE) 01530-01-011530 01600-01-011600 70 years
Shapur II[27] Persian Empire, Sassanid Dynasty 00310-03-01March 310 00379-01-01379 69 years
Huan Qi (China) -9364-01-01636 BC -9433-01-01567 BC 69 years
Tshudpud Namgyal Sikkim (India) 01793-01-011793 01863-01-011863 69 years
Alberto Azzo II Milan 01029-01-011029 01097-08-2020 August 1097 68 years
Louis XIII Oettingen-Wallerstein (HRE) 01449-01-011449 01517-01-011517 68 years
Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II Kedah (Malaysia) 01710-01-011710 01778-01-011778 68 years
Johann III Sponheim-Starkenburg (HRE) 01331-01-011331 01398-01-011398 67 years
Al-Marhum Perbaungang Serdang (Sumatra) 01879-01-011879 01946-01-011946 67 years
Ramesses II Ancient Egypt -8721-01-011279 BC -8787-01-011213 BC 66 years
Pharnavaz I Kingdom of Iberia 00302-01-01302 BC 00237-01-01237 BC 65 years
Zhao Song (China) -9532-01-01468 BC -9596-01-01404 BC 64 years
Amoghavarsha Rashtrakuta Empire (India) 00814-01-01814 00878-01-01878 64 years
Friedrich IV Castell (HRE) 01285-01-011285 01349-01-011349 64 years
Zhuang Qi (China) -9206-01-01794 BC -9269-01-01731 BC 63 years
Friedrich II Salm-Neuweiler (HRE) 01610-01-011610 01673-01-011673 63 years
Johann Friedrich II Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (HRE) 01702-01-011702 01765-01-011765 63 years
Nicolas Leopold I Salm-Hoogstraat (HRE) 01707-01-011707 01770-01-011770 63 years
Philipp Ernst Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (HRE) 01697-01-011697 01759-01-011759 62 years
Karl Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen (HRE) 01741-01-011741 01803-01-011803 62 years
Franz Wilhelm Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim (HRE) 01673-01-011673 01734-01-011734 61 years
Cynan Garwyn Powys 00550-01-01c. 550 00610-01-01c. 610 60c. 60 years
Aescwine Kingdom of Essex 00527-01-01527 00587-01-01587 60 yearsc. 60 years
Pawl Glywysing 00480-01-01c. 480 00540-01-01540 60 yearsc. 60 years
Mutasiva Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) -9633-01-01367 BC -9693-01-01307 BC 60 years
Sophie Bar (HRE) 01033-01-011033 01093-01-011093 60 years
Friedrich I Salm-Blankenburg (HRE) 01210-01-011210 01270-01-011270 60 years
Heinrich III Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild (HRE) 01292-01-011292 01352-01-011352 60 years
Heinrich II Salm-Blankenburg (HRE) 01301-01-011301 01361-01-011361 60 years
Otto I Solms-Braunfels (HRE) 01349-01-011349 01409-01-011409 60 years
Ludwig Salm-Blankenburg (HRE) 01443-01-011443 01503-01-011503 60 years
Mayadunne Sitawaka (Sri Lanka) 01521-01-011521 01581-01-011581 60 years
Vanghoji II Jagpalrao Nimbalkar Phaltan (India) 01570-01-011570 01630-01-011630 60 years
Hu Chen (China) -8955-01-011045 BC -9014-01-01986 BC 59 years
Guilhem III Toulouse 00978-01-01978 01037-01-011037 59 years
Otto I Salm-Kyrburg (HRE) 01548-10-01October 1548 01607-06-077 June 1607 59 years
Nan Zhou (China) -9686-01-01314 BC -9744-01-01256 BC 58 years
Harald I Norway 00872-01-01872 00930-01-01930 58 years
Heinrich II Baden-Hachberg (HRE) 01231-01-011231 01289-01-011289 58 years
Heinrich V Henneberg-Schleusingen (HRE) 01347-01-011347 01405-01-011405 58 years
Nikolaus III Tecklenburg (HRE) 01450-01-011450 01508-01-011508 58 years
Muhammad Shafi ud-din II Sambas (Borneo) 01866-01-011866 01924-01-011924 58 years
Maredydd ap Rhain Dyfed 00740-01-01740 00797-01-01797 57 yearsc. 57 years
Jing Qi (China) -9453-01-01547 BC -9510-01-01490 BC 57 years
Mithridates VI Pontus -9880-01-01120 BC -9937-01-0163 BC 57 years
Roger II Foix (France) 01067-01-011067 01124-01-011124 57 years
Bernhard I Bentheim-Bentheim (HRE) 01364-01-011364 01421-01-011421 57 years
Yi Hham Hka Kengtung (Burma) 01403-01-011403 01460-01-011460 57 years
Ernst II Oettingen-Wallerstein (HRE) 01613-01-011613[28] 01670-03-033 March 1670 57 years
Johannes Waldburg-Waldsee (HRE) 01667-01-011667 01724-01-011724 57 years
Adolf Ludwig Wilhelm Sayn-Wittgenstein-Karlsburg (HRE) 01749-01-011749 01806-01-011806 57 years
Sourigna Vongsa Lan Xang (Laos) 01638-01-011638 01694-01-011694 56 years
Gruffydd ap Cynan Kingdom of Gwynedd 01081-01-011081 01137-01-011137 c. 56 years
Zhaoxiang Qin (China) -9694-01-01306 BC -9750-01-01250 BC 56 years
Mun Balhae (Korea) 00737-01-01737 00793-01-01793 56 years
Eberhard III Nordgau (Alsace) 00864-01-01864 00920-01-01920 56 years
Berthold IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (HRE) 01284-01-011284 01340-01-011340 56 years
Mwezi IV Burundi 01852-01-011852 01908-01-011908 56 years
Sargon Akkadian Empire (Iraq) -7730-01-012270 BC -7785-01-012215 BC 55 years
Mu Zhou (China) -9023-01-01977 BC -9078-01-01922 BC 55 years
Manasseh Judah (Israel) -9303-01-01697 BC -9358-01-01642 BC 55 years
Vijayabahu I Polonnaruwa (Sri Lanka) 01056-01-011056 01111-01-011111 55 years
Lý Nhân Tông Lý Dynasty (Viet Nam) 01072-01-011072 01127-01-011127 55 years
Alaungsithu Pagan (Burma) 01112-01-011112 01167-01-011167 55 years
Heinrich II Hoya (HRE) 01235-01-011235 01290-01-011290 55 years
Parâkramabâhu VI Kotte (Sri Lanka) 01412-01-011412 01467-01-011467 55 years
Eberhard I[29] Waldburg-Sonnenburg (HRE) 01424-01-011424 01479-09-2222 September 1479 55 years
Nguyễn Hoàng Nguyễn Lords (Viet Nam) 01558-01-011558 01613-01-011613 55 years
Pangeran Ratu Banten (Java) 01596-01-011596 01651-01-011651 55 years
Ismail Morocco 01672-01-011672 01727-03-2222 March 1727 55 years
Janoji Nimbalkar Phaltan (India) 01693-01-011693 01748-01-011748 55 years
Karl Wilhelm Sayn-Wittgenstein-Karlsburg (HRE) 01694-01-011694 01749-01-011749 55 years
Thutmose III Ancient Egypt -8521-01-011479 BC -8575-01-011425 BC 54 years
Wu Wei (China) -9188-01-01812 BC -9242-01-01758 BC 54 years
Psamtik I Ancient Egypt -9336-01-01664 BC -9390-01-01610 BC 54 years
Wu Han (China) -9859-01-01141 BC -9913-01-0187 BC 54 years
Renzong Western Xia (China) 01139-01-011139 01193-01-011193 54 years
Heinrich III Solms-Braunfels (HRE) 01258-01-011258 01312-01-011312 54 years
Jean I Armagnac (France) 01319-01-011319 01373-05-1616 May 1373 54 years
Johann VI Salm-Badenweiler (HRE) 01451-01-011451 01505-01-011505 54 years
Magdalena Christina Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg (HRE) 01661-01-011661 01715-01-011715 54 years
Ferdinand Ludwig Waldburg-Wolfegg (HRE) 01681-01-011681 01735-01-011735 54 years
Kejeruan Junjungan Serdang (Sumatra) 01728-01-011728 01782-01-011782 54 years
Sayakumane Champasak (Laos) 01737-01-011737 01791-01-011791 54 years
Ntare IV Burundi 01796-01-011796 01850-01-011850 54 years
Hkun Yon Mong Pai (Burma) 01836-07-01July 1836 01891-02-01February 1891 54 years
Jinpyeong Silla (Korea) 00579-01-01579 00632-01-01632 53 years
Chongzong Western Xia (China) 01086-01-011086 01139-01-011139 53 years
Henry IV Luxembourg (HRE) 01136-01-011136 01189-01-011189 53 years
Heinrich III Upper Salm (HRE) 01240-01-011240 01293-01-011293 53 years
Heinrich II Castell Elder Line (HRE) 01254-01-011254 01307-01-011307 53 years
Johann II Holstein-Kiel (HRE) 01263-01-011263 01316-01-011316 53 years
Engelbert Sayn-Homburg (HRE) 01283-01-011283 01336-01-011336 53 years
Sao Nam Nam Kengtung 01364-01-011364 01417-01-011417 53 years
Diether I Isenburg-Büdingen (HRE) 01408-01-011408 01461-11-2020 November 1461 53 years
Wilhelm II Castell (HRE) 01426-01-011426 01479-01-011479 53 years
Johanette Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen (HRE) 01648-01-011648 01701-09-2828 September 1701 53 years
Sao Yun Yawnghwe (Burma) 01762-01-011762 01815-01-011815 53 years
Shrinivasrao Parashuram Aundh (India) 01848-06-1111 June 1848 01901-01-011901 53 years
Bimbisara Magadha Empire (India) -9457-01-01543 BC -9509-01-01491 BC 52 years
Fan Yi Champa 00284-01-01284 00336-01-01336 52 years
Guillaume III Alençon 01119-01-011119 01171-01-011171 52 years
Rapoto I Ortenburg (HRE) 01134-01-011134 01186-01-011186 52 years
Henry I Brabant (HRE) 01183-01-011183 01235-09-055 September 1235 52 years
Johann VIII Salm-Badenweiler (HRE) 01548-01-011548 01600-01-011600 52 years
Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat Maguindanao (Philippines) 01619-01-011619 01671-01-011671 52 years
Rajasinghe II Kandy (Sri Lanka) 01635-01-011635 01687-01-011687 52 years
Lone Horn Lakota 01823-01-011823 01875-10-1515 October 1875 52 years
Azad Khan Kharan (Pakistan) 01833-01-011833 01885-01-011885 52 years
Uzziah Judah (Israel) -9209-01-01791 BC -9260-01-01740 BC 52 years
Hui Wei (China) -9630-01-01370 BC -9681-01-01319 BC 51 years
Alfonso II Asturias (Spain) 00791-01-01791 00842-03-2020 March 842 51 years
Vinayaditya Hoysala Empire (India) 01047-01-011047 01098-01-011098 51 years
Sizzo III Schwarzburg (HRE) 01109-01-011109 01160-06-1919 June 1160 51 years
Balduin IV Hainaut (HRE) 01120-01-011120 01171-11-088 November 1171 51 years
Adolf I Mark (HRE) 01198-01-011198 01249-06-2828 June 1249 51 years
Robert II Artois (France) 01250-09-01September 1250 01302-07-1111 July 1302 51 years
Hermann III Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild (HRE) 01352-01-011352 01403-01-011403 51 years
Froben Ferdinand Fürstenberg-Messkirch (HRE) 01684-01-011684 01735-01-011735 51 years
Duhaga Bunyoro (Uganda) 01731-01-011731 01782-01-011782 51 years
Franz Wenzel Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach (HRE) 01760-01-011760 01811-01-011811 51 years
Alphonsus Adrianus (Nai Kau Sonbai) Sonbai Besar (West Timor) 01768-01-011768 01819-01-011819 51 years
Veera Ballala III Hoysala empire (India) 01292-01-011292 01343-01-011343 51 years
Tun Ali bin Tun Koris Pahang (Malaysia) 01806-01-011806 01857-01-011857 51 years
Pantsachiv Shankarrao Chimnajirao Bhor (India) 01871-02-1212 February 1871 01922-07-01July 1922 51 years
Mentuhotep II Ancient Egypt -7940-01-012060 BC -7990-01-012010 BC 50 years
Hantili II Hittite Empire -8500-01-011500 BC -8550-01-011450 BC 50 years
Brahmāthat Ancient Chanthaburi (Thailand) -9144-01-01856 BC -9194-01-01806 BC 50 years
Ping China (Zhou Dynasty) -9230-01-01770 BC -9280-01-01720 BC 50 years
Wen Zou (China) -9335-01-01665 BC -9385-01-01615 BC 50 years
Xiang Zhao (China) -9525-01-01475 BC -9575-01-01425 BC 50 years
Xuan Qi (China) -9545-01-01455 BC -9595-01-01405 BC 50 years
An Dương Vương Thục Dynasty (Ancient Viet Nam) -9743-01-01257 BC -9793-01-01207 BC 50 years
Bhavavarman I Khmer Empire 00550-01-01550 00600-01-01600 50 years
Arechis I Benevento (Italy) 00591-01-01591 00641-01-01641 50 years
Vikramaditya VI Western Chalukya Empire (India) 01076-01-011076 01126-01-011126 50 years
Kulothunga Chola I Chola Dynasty (India) 01070-01-011070 01120-01-011120 50 years
Hermann II Salm (HRE) 01088-01-011088 01138-01-011138 50 years
Géraud III Armagnac (France) 01110-01-011110 01160-01-011160 50 years
Salentin IV Nieder-Isenburg (HRE) 01370-01-011370 01420-01-011420 50 years
Friedrich III Fürstenberg-Baar (HRE) 01509-01-011509 01559-01-011559 50 years
August Anhalt-Plötzkau (HRE) 01603-01-011603 01653-08-2222 August 1653 50 years
Ludwig Wilhelm August Egon Fürstenberg-Weitra (HRE) 01709-01-011709 01759-11-1010 November 1759 50 years
Janrao II Nimbalkar Phaltan (India) 01777-01-011777 01827-01-011827 50 years
Sao Kin Maung Möngmit (Burma) 01887-01-011887 01937-01-011937 50 years

Add.Raja Sawai Basavalinga I of Sundem (India) 1763-1843 79 years+

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921: Swaziland National Trust Commission website, retrieved 29 August 2008. TheRoyalist.net takes the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king.
  2. ^ Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line. German Wikipedia: Heinrich XI. (Reuß-Greiz)
  3. ^ Count Johann Ludwig was born posthumously, after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
  4. ^ also a long-serving Holy Roman Emperor as Friedrich III
  5. ^ "Partab3". Royalark.net. Retrieved 24 March 2012. 
  6. ^ New Zealand administered Western Samoa first as a League of Nations Mandate and then as a United Nations trusteeship until the country received its independence on 1 January 1962 as Western Samoa.
  7. ^ Also known as Eleanor of Aquitaine, Aliénor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
  8. ^ Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954
  9. ^ Friedrich August I was known as Friedrich August III before 1806.
  10. ^ Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
  11. ^ "Tonk4". Royalark.net. Retrieved 24 March 2012. 
  12. ^ Served as Regent for his father the Taishō Emperor from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
  13. ^ His father died in his early twenties, and as Kangxi was not able to rule in his minority, the Emperor Shunzhi appointed Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as the Four Regents. Sonin died soon after his granddaughter was made the Empress, Heseli, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi politically. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death, and seized absolute power as sole Regent. For a while Kangxi and the Court accepted this arrangement. In 1669 the Emperor arrested Oboi with help from the Grand Dowager Empress Xiao Zhuang and began to take control of the country himself.
  14. ^ This length of reign only applies to United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, as all of the other countries Elizabeth II reigns over had yet to gain independence at the time she acceded the throne. Presently, the only other Commonwealth Realm which Elizabeth II has ruled independently over for 50 or more years is Jamaica, with a reign that currently stands at 700150000000000000050 years, 7002287000000000000287 days (18,550).
  15. ^ Ulrich V was Count of all Württemberg until its partition between Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart in 1442. He continued as Count of the latter branch until his death in 1480.
  16. ^ Indonesian wikipedia: Pakubuwana_XII
  17. ^ Johann Jakob I succeeded as Truchsess (Archsteward), and was raised to the rank of Graf (Count) in 1628.
  18. ^ Al-Mustansir Billah had the longest recorded reign of any Muslim ruler, according to his biographical entry in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, written by H. A. R. Gibb and Paul Kraus (see online version).
  19. ^ "Al-Sabah Dynasty". Royalark.net. Retrieved 24 March 2012. 
  20. ^ a b German Wikipedia: Haus Waldburg
  21. ^ Wilhelm "The Rich" was Wilhelm I of Cleves and Wilhelm V of Jülich-Berg.
  22. ^ Guillaume II (or William II) was better known, from 1066, as William I "The Conqueror" of England.
  23. ^ German Wikipedia: Wilhelm der Ältere von Waldburg-Trauchburg
  24. ^ Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial.
  25. ^ Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, ruled for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have ruled for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars.
  26. ^ Johann Philipp succeeded to the Lordship of Stadion at age 14 in 1666, was raised to Baron in 1686 and Reichsgraf (Count) in 1704.
  27. ^ Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
  28. ^ Ernst II ruled jointly with Friedrich VIII in the years 1602–13, but then ruled for 57 years as sole monarch.
  29. ^ German Wikipedia: Grafschaft Sonnenberg
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