List of manned spacecraft
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This is a list of manned spacecraft types, including space stations, sorted by nation and series in chronological order. Canceled programs are listed at the end.
Comparison [edit]
Former and current manned spacecraft [edit]
Orbital [edit]
Soviet/Russian [edit]
- Vostok (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft[1]
- Voskhod (1964–1965) 2 or 3 person Vostok derivative[2]
- TKS (1970s; never flew manned) crew / supply shuttle for Almaz station[citation needed]
- Shuttle Buran (1988) Never flew with a crew [3]
- Soyuz (1967–present) 2 or 3 person Earth orbital;[4] fourth and fifth generations continued operation by Russian Federation...
American [edit]
- Mercury spacecraft (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft[5]
- Gemini spacecraft (1965–1966) 2 person Earth orbital craft[6]
- Apollo spacecraft
- Command/Service Module (1968–1975) 3 person Earth and lunar orbital craft[7]
- Lunar Module (1969–1972) 2 person lunar lander[8]
- Space Shuttle (1981–2011) 2 to 8 person Earth orbital craft; first orbit-capable spaceplane; first partially reusable spacecraft
Chinese [edit]
- Shenzhou (2003–present) 3 person Earth orbital craft
Space stations [edit]
Main article: Space station
- Salyut series (1971–1986)[9]
- Skylab (1973–1974)
- Almaz series (1973–1977) Military reconnaissance stations, disguised as Salyut 2, 3 and 5[citation needed]
- Mir (1986–2001)
- International Space Station (1998–present)
- Tiangong 1 (2011–present)
Suborbital [edit]
- X-15 (1959–1970) air-launched spaceplane; first X-15 flight to pass Kármán line occurred in 1963[10]
- SpaceShipOne (2003–2004) air-launched spaceplane[citation needed]
Proposed or in development [edit]
Orbital [edit]
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Russian [edit]
- Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS) (in development) 6 person Earth orbital craft
American [edit]
- Golden Spike Company Flyer (proposed manned Lunar spacecraft)
- Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) (in development) 4 person beyond Earth orbit craft[citation needed]
- Space Launch System (SLS) (in development) [11]
- SpaceX's Dragon 7 person Earth orbital craft (being modified to carry crew)[12]
- Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser 7 person Earth orbital spaceplane (in development)[12]
- Boeing's CST-100 7 person Earth orbital craft (in development)[12]
- Blue Origin's orbital spacecraft (in development)[12]
European [edit]
- Advanced Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) 4 person Earth orbital (proposed)[13]
Japanese [edit]
- HTV-R (proposed)
Indian [edit]
- ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)[citation needed]
Iranian [edit]
- ISA manned spacecraft (in development)[citation needed]
British [edit]
- Skylon (unpiloted reusable spaceplane with possible Passenger Module, engine in development)
Manx [edit]
- Excalibur Almaz' spacecraft (in development)
Suborbital [edit]
Russian [edit]
- Space Adventures Explorer (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
American [edit]
- The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipTwo (suborbital, in development)
- The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipThree (suborbital, proposed)
- XCOR Aerospace's Lynx (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Blue Origin's New Shepard (suborbital, in development)
- Masten Space Systems's XA Series (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Masten Space Systems's O Series (orbital, proposed)[citation needed]
- Masten Space Systems's XL Series (orbital/lunar, proposed)[citation needed]
Romanian [edit]
Danish [edit]
- HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe (suborbital, in development)
French [edit]
- VSH (suborbital, manned version of VEHRA, in development)[citation needed]
British [edit]
- Starchaser Industries's Nova 2 (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Starchaser Industries's Thunderbird (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
- Starchaser Industries's Thunderstar (suborbital, in development)[citation needed]
Argentine [edit]
AATE VESA (Spanish for Argentine Suborbital Space Vehicle) "Gauchito"[citation needed]
Uganda [edit]
African Space Research Program (Ugandian Suborbital Space Vehicle) "African Skyhawk" (in development), "Dynacraft Spaceship" (project)[citation needed]
Canceled [edit]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [edit]
- Space Transportation System (1976 - 2011, all elements canceled, except the Space Shuttle, which took the name)
- VentureStar, Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrator (canceled 2001) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
- Altair Lunar Surface Access Module for Constellation program
Joint NASA / United States Air Force [edit]
- Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled 1963) winged orbital space plane, launched by Titan 3
- Manned Orbiting Laboratory + Gemini-B spacecraft (canceled 1969)
- Rockwell X-30 or National AeroSpace Plane (canceled 1993) to be used as a hypersonic transport plane or as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA) [edit]
- X-38 (canceled 1999) lifting body crew-rescue vehicle for ISS
Soviet space program [edit]
- Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar flyby program[citation needed]
- Soyuz L3 spacecraft (late 1960s to early 1970s); part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar landing program[citation needed]
- Soyuz 7K-L3 (LOK) 2 person lunar orbital craft
- LK Lander Module single-pilot lunar lander
- Spiral-EPOS (also known as EPOS – Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft – canceled 1976)[citation needed]
- Shuttle Buran (1988) canceled after one unmanned orbital flight
- Zarya (project canceled 1989)
- MAKS (project canceled 1991)
Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA) [edit]
- Kliper (government funding canceled 2006)
European Space Agency (ESA) [edit]
- Hermes (project cancelled 1992)
- Hopper (project cancelled)
- ATV evolution (project not adopted)[citation needed]
Space stations [edit]
- Columbus-MTFF (project cancelled 1991)
China National Space Administration (CNSA) [edit]
- Shuguang (project cancelled 1972)
- FSW (unmanned flights only; manned program cancelled)[citation needed]
UK [edit]
- HOTOL (funding withdrawn 1986)
- HOTOL 2 (rejected 1991)[citation needed]
Japan [edit]
National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) [edit]
Main article: National Space Development Agency of Japan
- HOPE-X (project cancelled 2003)[citation needed]
- Fuji (project not adopted)
Other Japan [edit]
- Kankoh-maru (project cancelled)
Notes [edit]
- ^ Gatland, pp.109-115
- ^ Gatland, pp.131-113
- ^ http://www.buran.ru/htm/homepage.htm
- ^ Gatland, pp.148-165
- ^ Gatland, pp.148, 151-165
- ^ Gatland, pp.166-185, 266-275
- ^ Gatland, pp.190, 278-280
- ^ Gatland, pp.191, 207, 283, 284
- ^ Gatland, pp.229-246
- ^ Long, Tony (2007-07-19). "July 19, 1963: Cracking the 100-Kilometer-High Barrier ... in a Plane". Advance Publications. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d Ferster, Warren (2011-04-18). "NASA Announces CCDev 2 Awards". Imaginova Corp. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ "printer friendly page ATV evolution: Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV)". European Space Agency. 2010-03-35. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
References [edit]
- Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (2nd ed.). New York City: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 0-02-542820-9.
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