List of manned spacecraft

This is a list of manned spacecraft types, including space stations, sorted by nation and series in chronological order. Canceled programs are listed at the end.

Comparison

Scaled comparison of manned spacecraft, including names, manufacturers, and dates of operation

Former and current manned spacecraft

Orbital

Soviet/Russian

Soyuz spacecraft

• Vostok (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft
• Voskhod (1964–1965) 2 or 3 person Vostok derivative
• TKS (1970s; never flew manned) crew / supply shuttle for Almaz station^{[citation needed]}
• Shuttle Buran (1988) Never flew with a crew
• Soyuz (1967–present) 2 or 3 person Earth orbital; fourth and fifth generations continued operation by Russian Federation

American

• Mercury spacecraft (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft
• Gemini spacecraft (1965–1966) 2 person Earth orbital craft
• Apollo spacecraft
  • Command/Service Module (1968–1975) 3 person Earth and lunar orbital craft
  • Lunar Module (1969–1972) 2 person lunar lander
• Space Shuttle (1981–2011) 2 to 8 person Earth orbital craft; first orbit-capable spaceplane; first partially reusable spacecraft

Chinese

• Shenzhou (2003–present) 3 person Earth orbital craft

Space stations

International Space Station

Main article: Space station

• Salyut series (1971–1986)
• Skylab (1973–1974)
• Almaz series (1973–1977) Military reconnaissance stations, disguised as Salyut 2, 3 and 5^{[citation needed]}
• Mir (1986–2001)
• International Space Station (1998–present)
• Tiangong 1 (2011–present)

Suborbital

• X-15 (1959–1970) air-launched spaceplane; first X-15 flight to pass Kármán line occurred in 1963
• SpaceShipOne (2003–2004) air-launched spaceplane^{[citation needed]}

Proposed or in development

Orbital

Orion ground test article

Dragon spacecraft being readied for its ISS berthing mission (cargo variant)

Russian

• Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS) (in development) 6 person Earth orbital craft

American

• Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) (in development) 4 person beyond Earth orbit craft^{[citation needed]}
• SpaceX's Dragon 7 person Earth orbital craft (being human-rated)
• Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser 7 person Earth orbital spaceplane (in development)
• Boeing's CST-100 7 person Earth orbital craft (in development)
• Blue Origin's orbital spacecraft (in development)
• Stratolaunch Systems orbital spacecraft (in development)

European

• Advanced Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) 4 person Earth orbital (proposed)

Japanese

• HTV-R (proposed)

Indian

• ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)^{[citation needed]}

Iranian

• ISA manned spacecraft (in development)^{[citation needed]}

British

• Skylon (unpiloted reusable spaceplane with possible Passenger Module, engine in development)

Manx

• Excalibur Almaz' spacecraft (in development)

Suborbital

SpaceShipTwo with mothership in hanger

Russian

• Space Adventures Explorer (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}

American

• The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipTwo (suborbital, in development)
• The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipThree (suborbital, proposed)
• XCOR Aerospace's Lynx (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}
• Masten Space Systems's XA Series (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}
• Masten Space Systems's O Series (orbital, proposed)^{[citation needed]}
• Masten Space Systems's XL Series (orbital/lunar, proposed)^{[citation needed]}

Romanian

• Stabilo (suborbital, in development)
• Orizont (suborbital, in development)

Danish

• HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe (suborbital, in development)

French

• VSH (suborbital, manned version of VEHRA, in development)^{[citation needed]}

British

• Starchaser Industries's Nova 2 (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}
• Starchaser Industries's Thunderbird (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}
• Starchaser Industries's Thunderstar (suborbital, in development)^{[citation needed]}

Argentine

AATE VESA (Spanish for Argentine Suborbital Space Vehicle) "Gauchito"

Uganda

African Space Research Program (Ugandian Suborbital Space Vehicle) "African Skyhawk" (in development), "Dynacraft Spaceship" (project)

Canceled

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• Space Transportation System (all elements canceled in 1969 except the Space Shuttle, which took the name)
• VentureStar, Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrator (canceled 2001) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
• Altair Lunar Surface Access Module for Constellation program

Joint NASA / United States Air Force

• Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled 1963) winged orbital space plane, launched by Titan 3
• Manned Orbiting Laboratory + Gemini-B spacecraft (canceled 1969)
• Rockwell X-30 or National AeroSpace Plane (canceled 1993) to be used as a hypersonic transport plane or as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle

Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)

• X-38 (canceled 1999) lifting body crew-rescue vehicle for ISS

Soviet space program

• Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar flyby program^{[citation needed]}
• Soyuz L3 spacecraft (late 1960s to early 1970s); part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar landing program^{[citation needed]}
  • Soyuz 7K-L3 (LOK) 2 person lunar orbital craft
  • LK Lander Module single-pilot lunar lander
• Spiral-EPOS (also known as EPOS – Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft – canceled 1976)^{[citation needed]}
• Shuttle Buran (1988) canceled after one unmanned orbital flight
• Zarya (project canceled 1989)
• MAKS (project canceled 1991)

Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)

• Kliper (government funding canceled 2006)

European Space Agency (ESA)

• Hermes (project cancelled 1992)
• Hopper (project cancelled)
• ATV evolution (project not adopted)^{[citation needed]}

Space stations

• Columbus-MTFF (project cancelled 1991)

China National Space Administration (CNSA)

• Shuguang (project cancelled 1972)
• FSW (unmanned flights only; manned program cancelled)^{[citation needed]}

UK

• HOTOL (funding withdrawn 1986)
• HOTOL 2 (rejected 1991)^{[citation needed]}

Japan

National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)

Main article: National Space Development Agency of Japan

• HOPE-X (project cancelled 2003)^{[citation needed]}
• Fuji (project not adopted)

Other Japan

• Kankoh-maru (project cancelled)

References

• Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (2nd ed.). New York City: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.. ISBN 0025428209.