List of missions to Mars

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Mars and its moons have been a target for many spacecraft, with flyby, orbiter, lander and rover missions visiting the planet.[1][2] In addition, two spacecraft, Rosetta and Dawn, have made flybys to get gravity assists for other missions; the former en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, and the latter en route to asteroid 4 Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. Three missions were dedicated to Phobos, but they did not achieve their goals.

Contents

Missions [edit]

Spacecraft Launch Date[1] Mission[1] Outcome[1] Remarks Carrier rocket[2]
1M No.1 01960-10-1010 October 1960 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
1M No.2 01960-10-1414 October 1960 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
2MV-4 No.1 01962-10-2424 October 1962 Flyby Launch failure Disintegrated in LEO Molniya
Mars 1
(2MV-4 No.2)		 01962-11-011 November 1962 Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
2MV-3 No.1 01962-11-044 November 1962 Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya
Mariner 3 01964-11-055 November 1964 Flyby Launch failure Payload fairing failed to separate Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Mariner 4 01964-11-055 November 1964 Flyby Successful Closest approach at 01:00:57 UTC on 15 July 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Zond 2
(3MV-4A No.2)		 01964-11-3030 November 1964 Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
Mariner 6 01969-02-2525 February 1969 Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.521 01969-03-2727 March 1969 Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 7 01969-03-2727 March 1969 Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.522 01969-04-022 April 1969 Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 8 01971-05-099 May 1971 Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Kosmos 419
(3MS No.170)		 01971-05-1010 May 1971 Orbiter Launch failure Never left LEO; upper stage burn timer set incorrectly Proton-K/D
Mariner 7 01969-03-2727 March 1969 Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Mariner 9 01971-05-3030 May 1971 Orbiter Successful[3] Entered orbit on 14 November 1971, deactivated 516 days after entering orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Mars 2
(4M No.171)		 01971-05-1919 May 1971 Orbiter Mostly successful Entered orbit 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits. Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[citation needed] Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander
(SA 4M No.171)		 01971-05-1919 May 1971 Lander Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971 Proton-K/D
Mars 3
(4M No.172)		 01971-05-2828 May 1971 Orbiter Mostly successful Entered orbit 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits.[citation needed] Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[citation needed] Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander
(SA 4M No.172)		 01971-05-2828 May 1971 Lander Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars 3; landed at 13:52 UTC on 2 December 1971 but contact lost 14.5 seconds later Proton-K/D
Mars 4
(3MS No.52S)		 01973-07-2121 July 1973 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Failed to perform orbital insertion burn Proton-K/D
Mars 5
(3MS No.53S)		 01973-07-2525 July 1973 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Failed after nine days in orbit Proton-K/D
Mars 6
(3MP No.50P)		 01973-08-055 August 1973 Lander
Flyby		 Spacecraft failure Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.[4] Proton-K/D
Mars 7
(3MP No.51P)		 01973-08-099 August 1973 Lander
Flyby		 Spacecraft failure Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere Proton-K/D
Viking 1 orbiter 01975-08-2020 August 1975 Orbiter Successful Operated for 1385 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander 01975-08-2020 August 1975 Lander Successful Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter, operated for 2245 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 orbiter 01975-08-2020 August 1975 Orbiter Successful Operated for 700 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander 01975-09-099 September 1975 Lander Successful Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Fobos 1
(1F No.101)		 01988-07-077 July 1988 Orbiter
Phobos lander		 Spacecraft failure Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit Proton-K/D-2
Fobos 2
(1F No.102)		 01988-07-077 July 1988 Orbiter
Phobos lander		 Partial failure Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing Proton-K/D-2
Mars Observer 01992-09-2525 September 1992 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Lost communications before orbital insertion Commercial Titan III
Mars Global Surveyor 01996-11-077 November 1996 Orbiter Successful Operated for seven years Delta II 7925
Mars 96
(M1 No.520)		 01996-11-1616 November 1996 Orbiter
Penetrators		 Launch failure Never left LEO Proton-K/D-2
Mars Pathfinder 01996-12-044 December 1996 Lander/Rover Successful Operated for 84 days Delta II 7925
Nozomi
(PLANET-B)		 01998-07-033 July 1998 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars M-V
Mars Climate Orbiter 01998-12-1111 December 1998 Orbiter Spacecraft failure Flown into the atmosphere of Mars due to unit conversion error Delta II 7425
Mars Polar Lander 01999-01-033 January 1999 Lander Spacecraft failure Failed to land Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2 01999-01-033 January 1999 Penetrators Spacecraft failure Deployed from MPL, no data returned Delta II 7425
Mars Odyssey 02001-04-077 April 2001 Orbiter Operational Delta II 7925
Mars Express 02003-06-022 June 2003 Orbiter Operational Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Beagle 2 02003-06-022 June 2003 Lander Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars Express Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Spirit
(MER-A)		 02003-06-1010 June 2003 Rover Successful Delta II 7925
Opportunity
(MER-B)		 02003-07-088 July 2003 Rover Operational Delta II 7925H
Rosetta 02004-03-022 March 2004 Gravity assist N/A Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[5] Ariane 5G+
MRO 02005-08-1212 August 2005 Orbiter Operational Atlas V 401
Phoenix 02007-08-044 August 2007 Lander Successful Delta II 7925
Dawn 02007-09-2727 September 2007 Gravity assist N/A Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres Delta II 7925H
Fobos-Grunt 02011-11-088 November 2011 Orbiter
Phobos sample		 Spacecraft failure Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) Zenit-2M
Yinghuo-1 02011-11-088 November 2011 Orbiter Lost with mothership To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt Zenit-2M
Curiosity
(Mars Science Laboratory)		 02011-11-2626 November 2011 Rover Operational Atlas V 541

Map of landings [edit]

The following imagemap of the planet Mars has embedded links to geographical features in addition to the noted Rover and Lander locations. Click on the features and you will be taken to the corresponding article pages. North is at the top; Elevations: red (higher), yellow (zero), blue (lower).

Tharsis Montes Hellas Planitia Olympus Mons Valles Marineris Arabia Terra Amazonis Planitia Elysium Mons Isidis Planitia Terra Cimmeria Argyre Planitia Alba MonsMap of Mars
About this image

Spirit Spirit

Opportunity Opportunity

Pathfinder <<<<<-MPF/Sojourner

Viking 1 Viking 1

Viking 2 Viking 2

Phoenix Phoenix

Mars 3 Mars 3

Curiosity Curiosity

Future missions [edit]

Funded plans [edit]

Mission Launch Note Result Status
Indian Mars probe November 2013 orbiter
MAVEN 2013 orbiter
ExoMars 2016,2018 Orbiter, Lander, Rover
InSight 2016 Lander

Missions to the moons of Mars [edit]

Main article: Moons of Mars
Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra

Several missions have been proposed to explore Phobos and Deimos.

Proposals:

Name Where Refs
Alladin Phobos and Deimos [6]
DSR Deimos [7]
Gulliver Deimos [8]
Hall Phobos and Deimos [9]
M-PADS Phobos and Deimos [10]
OSRIS-REx 2 Phobos or Deimos [11]
PCROSS Phobos [12]
PRIME Phobos [13]
Fobos-Grunt 2 Phobos [14]
Phootprint Phobos or Deimos [15][16]

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Fobos 1 and Fobos 2, while the Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Fobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Fobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 2011-12-01.
  2. ^ a b Russian Space Web - Mars Missions
  3. ^ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. "It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world." 
  4. ^ NSSDC - Mars 6
  5. ^ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta’s approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-16. 
  6. ^ C. Pieters, et al. - Aladdin: Phobos-Deimos Sample Return
  7. ^ Small Body Sample Return to Deimos
  8. ^ Dr. Britt - The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos
  9. ^ P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission
  10. ^ Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
  11. ^ Elifritz, T. L. - OSIRIS-REx II to Mars
  12. ^ Colaprete, A, et al. - PCROSS — Phobos Close Rendevous(sic) Observation Sensing Satellite
  13. ^ PRIME
  14. ^ SSM - Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik
  15. ^ Rolf de Groot – Mars Exploration: The ESA Perspective (2012). (PDF)
  16. ^ Pascal Lee - Phobos & Deimos Update - 7th SBAG
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