List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: J
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut Jacqueline of Bavaria
- Jadwiga of Poland the Saint
- Jakob Fugger, Count of Kirchberg, 1507–1525 the Rich [1]
- James I of England the Solomon of England, the Second Solomon, a Royal Fool, the Most Learned Fool in Christendom, the Scottish Solomon, Queen James, Scottish Jimmy, the Wisest Fool in Christendom [2] [3] [4]
- James I of Scotland the Lawgiver, the Captive, the Prisoner
- James II of Aragon the Just Image:James II C.JPG
- James II of Cyprus the Archbishop, the Bastard
- James II of England James the Shit (Séamus á Chaca), Dismal Jimmy [5]
- James II of Majorca the Good King James, the Just [6] [6]
- James II of Scotland James of the Fiery Face [7] [8]
- James II of Urgell the Unfortunate [9][10][11]
- James III of Cyprus the Posthumous, the Child
- James III of Majorca the Bold, the Unfortunate
- James IV of Scotland the Renaissance King, the Chivalrous Madman,[12] James of the Iron Belt
- James V of Scotland the Poor Man's King
- James V, Truchsess of Waldburg in Wolfegg and Zeil (1546–1589) the Fat
- James, 1st Baron Berkeley the Just [13]
- James, Laird of Allardice Thumbs [14]
- James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan Little Billy
- James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos the Princely Chandos [15]
- James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormonde the Lame
- James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde the White Earl
- Sir James Douglas [16] [17]
- James Douglas, Earl of Drumlanrig the Infamous Cannibal [18]
- James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas the Flower of Chivalry
- James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry the Union Duke [19]
- James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas the Gross [20]
- Sir James Douglas, Lord of Douglas. 1286-1330The Black Douglas, the Good Sir James [21]
- James FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond the Queen's Earl, the Tower Earl of Desmond [22] [22]
- James FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond the Usurper [23][24][23]
- James FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Desmond the Court Page [23]
- James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond the Traitor Earl [23][25]
- James FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond (d.1607) the Sugan Earl, the Sham Earl, the Earl of Straw [26]
- James FitzMaurice the Arch Traitor [27]
- James FitzMaurice James Geraldine, cousin of the 15h Earl of Desmond [27]
- James Francis Edward Stuart Old Mr. Misfortune, the Old Pretender, the Baby in the Warming Pan, le Chevalier de St. George [28] [29] [30]
- James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose the Great Marquess
- James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton Captain Luckless
- James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale Jimmy Grasp-All, Wicked Jimmy, the Bad Earl, the Gloomy Earl [31]
- James Roche the Swimmer [32]
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth Mr. Crofts, the Protestant Duke [33] [34]
- James Stewart (1383–1451) the Black Knight of Lorn
- James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan Hearty James, the Hearty
- James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray the Good Regent
- Jan III Sobieski the Lion of Lehistan (Lechia) , the Fearful Lion of the North,[35] the Savior of Vienna and Western European Civilization [36]
- Lady Jane Grey the Nine-Day Queen
- Janusz Radziwiłł (1612-1655) the Traitor,[37][38] the Second
- Jean Lannesthe Roland of the Army of Italy
- Jean de Dunois the Restorer of the Homeland [39]
- Jean de Pas, Lord of Martinsart Frigallet [40]
- Jean Maxwell the Gay Duchess of Gordon [41]
- Jean Tristan the Child of Sorrow [42]
- Jean-Baptiste Dumonceau the Unblemished General [43]
- Jean-Baptiste Jourdan the Anvile, the Soldier of the Revolution, the Victor of Fleurus [44] [45] [46] [47]
- Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz Monsieur le Coadjuteur
- Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier the Virgin of Italy [48]
- Jean I, Lord of Harcourt le Prud'homme [49]
- John II, Count of Armagnac, 1373–1384 the Hunchback
- Jean II, Lord of Harcourt the Fearless [49]
- Jean III of Preuilly, Count of Vendôme, 1211–1217 the Ecclesiastic
- Jean III, Lord of Harcourt the Lame, le Tort [49]
- Jean de Dunois the Bastard of Orléans [50]
- Jean de Poltrot Espagnolet [51]
- Jean Lannes the Achilles of the Grand Army
- Jean Le Maingre Boucicaut
- Jean de Brosse Marshall de Boussac
- Jean de Metz, Lord of Nouillonpont Mès [52]
- Jean de la Brosse Marshal de Saint Sévère
- Jean Lannes the French Ajax
- Jean III, Lord of Werchin "le Goutteux" [53]
- Jean-Andoche Junot the Tempest [54]
- Jeanne of Luxembourg Demoiselle de Luxemburg
- Jeanne, Countess of Flanders Jeanne of Constantinople
- Jeanne Chabot (d.1341) the Mad, wife of Foulques of Laval, Lord of Chaloyau
- Jeanne of Retz (d.1341) the Mad, daughter of Gerard III, Lord of Retz
- Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson Madame de Pompadour [55]
- Jeanne de Clisson the Flame, the Lioness of Brittany
- Jeanne, Lady of Rais the Wise
- Jelena Lijepa Helen the Beautiful [56]
- Jelena of Zadar the Mother of the Kingdom, the Protectress of Orphans and Widows [57] [57]
- Jérôme Bonaparte Fifi [58]
- Jerzy Radziwiłł the Cardinal [38]
- Jerzy Radziwiłł the Lithuanian Hercules
- Jerzy Radziwiłł Heracles, Hercules [38]
- Jimena de Gormaz la Belle Chimène, wife of El Cid [28]
- Joachim of Pomerania-Stettin the Elder
- Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton (1428–1486) the Dumb Lady [59]
- Jobst of Moravia
- Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly the Old Corporal [60]
- Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly the Monk in Armor [61]
- Johann III, Duke of Cleves the Pacific
- John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland Old Rag [62]
- Joachim I, Duke of Stettin (1424-1451) the Younger
- Joachim Murat King Franconi, Joachim Napoleon, the Abbot with the Beautiful Leg, the Handsome Swordsman , le Beau Sabreur (the Handsome or Famous Swordsman) [63][64]
- Joachim I of Brandenburg Joachim Nestor
- Joachim II of Brandenburg Joachim Hector [65]
- Joan, Princess of Castile la Reina Que no Fue
- Joan de Geneville the Lady of Trim, wife of Roger de Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore
- Joan I of Naples the Mary Stuart of Italy, the Sad Queen [12] [66]
- Joan, Princess of Castile a Excelente Senhora [67]
- Joan of Burgundy the Lame [68]
- Joan, Duchess of Brittany Joan of Dreux, Joan of Penthièvre
- Joan of Acre [69]
- Joan of Kent the Fair Maid of Kent
- Joanna of Castile la Beltraneja (of Beltran) The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500
- Joanna of England Joanna of the Tower
- Joanna of Flanders the Flame, la Flamina
- Joanna of Castile the Mad
- João Henrique of Orléans-Braganza the Surfer Prince [70]
- Johan of Plön the Mild
- John I of Burgundy, Count of Chalon and Auxonne (1190–1267) the Wise
- John I of Burgundy, Lord of Arlay (1259–1316) Brichemel
- John I of Portugal One with Good Memory, the Prince of Good Memory, the Great, the Father of the County
- John I of Silesia-Auschwitz (1321/24–1372) the Scholar
- John I of Wertheim (1373–1407) John with the Beard
- John I, Count of Luxemburg | John of Bohemia the Blind
- John I, Duke of Brittany the Red
- John I, Duke of Lorraine the God-given
- John I, Margrave of Montferrat, 1292–1305 the Belted
- John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1561–1623) the Intermediate
- John I of France the Posthumous
- John I, Duke of Mecklenburg the Pacific
- John I of Burgundy, Count of Auxonne and Chalon (1190–1267) l'Antique
- John I, Count of Holland John of Avesnes
- John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
- John I of Montferrat the Just
- John I, Duke of Silesia the Cruel
- John I of Aragon the Lover of Elegance, the Lover of Gentility, the Careless, the Hunter [71][72][71]
- John I, Prince of Mecklenburg, 1226–1264 the Theologian
- John I, Duke of Cleves, 1449–1481 the Handsome
- John I of Brienne, Count of Eu John of Dreux
- John I of Bohemia the Foreign King [73]
- John I Tzimiskes Tzimiskes A History of Greece
- John I of Sweden the Child
- John I, Duke of Lower Bavaria the Child
- John I, Duke of Brabant the Triumphant
- John I, Margrave of Montferrat, 1292–1305 der Gegürtete
- John II, Count of Soissons the Stammerer [74]
- John II of Schwarzenberg the Strong
- John II of Portugal den Fullkomlige
- John II of Silesia the Vicious
- John II, Latin Emperor of Constantinople (1087–1143) Calojohannès
- John II of Alençon the Handsome [75] [76]
- John II of Suzdal (1412–1414) Strongbow
- John II of Zimmern (1384–1441) the Lapp
- John II of Brienne, Count of Eu John of Dreux
- John II, Duke of Brabant the Pacific
- John (Hugh) II, Lord of Harnes the Destroyer
- John II of Alençon Beau Duc
- John II, Duke of Bavaria der Gottseelige, the Mild [77]
- John II, Lord of Champlitte (d.1353) the Blind
- John II, Duke of Cleves (1458–1521) the Babymaker, the Merciful
- John II of Egmond (1385–1451) met de Bellen
- John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel, 1263–1316 the Blind, the One-Eyed
- John II of Nuremberg the Acquirer
- John II of Portugal the Perfect Prince [78]
- John II, Count of Rietberg, 1541–1562 the Mad [79] [80]
- John II (d.1270), Count of Soissons the Stammerer
- John II Radziwill, Castellan of Troki the Bearded
- John II of Pskov (1436) the Milksop
- John II of France
- John II, Duke of Silesia-Opole
- John II, Count of Soissons [74]
- John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1550–1604) the Historian[citation needed] The Lame[citation needed]
- John II of Aragon the Great
- John II of Riazan (1326–1341) Short-Tunic
- John II of Nassau the Younger
- John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1604-1635 the Younger
- John II of Alençon the Poorest Man in France
- John III, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing Lackland [81]
- John III, Margrave of Brandenburg, 1267–1268 der Prager
- John III, Duke of Brabant the Triumphant
- John III, Duke of Brittany
- John III of Burgundy (d.1379), Count of Auxerre the White Knight
- John III of Portugal the Pious
- John III, Count of Holstein-Kiel the Mild
- John III of Marck the Pacific
- John III, Duke of Silesia-Premyslid (1425–1485) the Pious
- John III, Count of Starkenburg, 1322/40-98 the Blind
- John (III) of Vergy the Great [82]
- John IV, Duke of Bavaria the Truthful, Monacencis
- John IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich der Wahrhaftige
- John IV, Duke of Brittany the Brave, the English-Lover
- John IV of Portugal the Fortunate, the Restorer
- John IV of Pskov (1460–1461) the Bobbed
- John V of Bueil the Scourge of the English [83]
- John V of Portugal the Portuguese Sun King, the Magnificent, the Most Faithful King, the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, o Freirático
- John V of Brandenburg the August, the Illustrious
- John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg the Elder
- John VI, Duke of Brittany the Good and the Wise, the Wise [84] [64]
- John VI of Pskov (1502–1503) the Hunchback
- John VI of Portugal the Clement, the Merciful
- John IX of Ghistelle, Lord of Harnes the Great
- John of Austria (1782–1859) the Styrian Prince
- John of Austria the Younger the Younger
- John of Bavaria (1329–1340) the Child, son of Henry XIV of Bavaria
- John of England Lackland, the Soft-Sword
- John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut the Old
- John of Silesia, Duke of Oppeln, Archbishop of Gniezno (1360/64–1421) Kropidlo
- John, Duke of Silesia (d.1439) Dechant
- John, Elector of Saxony the Steadfast, Steady, Constant
- John, Prince of Moldavia, 1572–1574 the Brave
- John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Anne's Great Captain, the Handsome Englishman
- John Hunyadi Hungarian Janko, Corvinus, the Champion of Christ, the Champion of Christendom, the Scourge of the Turks, Ugrin Janko (Magyar Janos), the Savior of Christianity, Janko of Byzantium, the Defender of Christendom, the Devil, Sibinyanin Janko, That Damned Devil, Janko, the White Knight of the Christian Crusaders, the Valiant of Valiants [85] [86] [87] [88]
- John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury the Terror of France [54]
- John Frederick, Elector of Saxony the Champion of the Reformation
- John of Artois, Count of Eu the Landless [89]
- John, Lord Barry (d.1420) the Left-Handed
- John George, Elector of Brandenburg the Thrifty
- John, Duke of Berry the Magnificent
- John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach the Alchemist [90]
- John, Prince of Moldavia the Horseshoe, Potcoava
- John of Castile the One-Eyed [91]
- John, 9th Lord Clifford (d.1461) Black-hearted Clifford, the Black Clifford,[28] the Butcher [92]
- John, Lord of Joinville le Boutefeux [93]
- John, 4th Earl of Lennox Mor
- John of Holland, Count of Ostrevant the Merciless [94]
- John, Prince of Moldavia, 1572–1574 the Armenian
- John of Saxony the Magister
- John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg the Cicero of Germany
- John of Scotland Toom Tabard (Empty Jacket) [95] [54]
- John Clifford, 9th Lord of Skipton the Butcher
- John Colquhoun, 20th Baronet of Luss the Black Cock of the West [96]
- John "the Red" Comyn the Black
- John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar Bobbing John [97] [98][99]
- John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee Bloody Clavers, Buidy Clavers,[100][101] Bonnie Dundee [100] [101]
- John Maurice of Nassau the Brazilian [102] [103]
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute the Minister Behind the Curtain [104]
- John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester the Butcher of England [28]
- John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar the Younger
- John Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Jena (1554–1565) the Younger
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute Sir Pertinax MacSycophant [104]
- John Graham With the Bright Sword, son of Malise, 1st Earl of Strathearn [105]
- John Russell, 1st Earl Russell the Widow's Mite [106]
- John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer the Red Earl
- John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham Radical Jack [107]
- John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland Rapid Westmorland [108]
- John Frederick, Elector of Saxony the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
- John Menteith the False Menteith [109]
- John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford the Fire-Brand of France [2]
- John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford the Fighting Earl of Oxford, the Fighting Vere [110]
- John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset the Fairborn
- John of England Lackland
- John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster John of Gaunt
- John of Islay, Earl of Ross John MacDonald II [111]
- John, Duke of Berry le Camus
- John II, Duke of Burgundy the Fearless [112]
- John Dundas Cochrane the Pedestrian Traveler [113]
- John FitzGerald, 19th Knight of Glin the Dancer [114]
- John Carmichael, 3rd Baron of Carmichael Jean de Saint-Michel [115]
- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich Jeremy Twitcher [54]
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute Jack Boot [116]
- Joan of Portugal (nun) the Saint Princess
- John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester the Profane Earl [117]
- John MacDonald, 1st Lord of the Isles
- John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland Iain Glas (Grey John)[118]
- John Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 1554–1566 the Intermediate
- John I de Balliol the Scot, Great Chamberlain of Scotland, son of King John of Scotland
- John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [119]
- John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk the Trimming Duke
- John de Scotia, 9th Earl of Huntingdon the Scot
- John de Braose the Fatherless, Tadody [120] [121]
- John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland Slippery John
- John Carmichael, 3rd Baron of Carmichael the Hero of Bauge [122]
- John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel the English Achilles [123]
- John FitzEdmund FitzGerald the Chief Man of Service Among the Rebels [27]
- John FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Kildare Crouchback, Shane Cam [27] [27]
- John Fitzrobert the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron [119]
- John Francis, Count of Nassau-Siegen, 1691–1699 the Desired
- John George, Elector of Saxony, 1680-1691 the Fat
- John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey Lord Fanny [2]
- John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu the Planter, Planter John [124] [125]
- John Parricida the Parricide
- John Russell, 1st Earl Russell Finality Jack [106]
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute the Northern Thane [104]
- John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury the English Achilles
- John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester Virgin Modesty [54]
- John "the Red" Comyn the Red,[126] Red Comyn
- John George III, Elector of Saxony the Saxon Mars
- Joseph I of Portugal the Reformer
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor the Enlightened Despot, the King With a Hat, the Hatted King [127]
- Joseph Arthur, Count of Gobineau the Intellectual Father of Nietzsche [128]
- Joseph Bonaparte the King of Small Plazas, Pepe Botella (Joe Bottle): [129] [130]
- Józef Antoni Poniatowski the Polish Bayard [28]
- Joseph Fouché the Father of the Modern Police State, the Father of Modern Espionage, the Father of Modern Political Espionage, the Hebertist of the Terror, the Machinegunner of Lyon fr:Joseph Fouché [58][131] [132]
- Joseph Othmar Rauscher, Prince-Bishop of Vienna the Father of the Austrian Concordat [133]
- Josephine de Beauharnais the Incomparable Josephine, the Rose of Beauharnais, the Good Josephine [134]
- Jotapian the Barracks Emperor, the Emperor of the Army
- Jovan Vladimir the Saint [135]
- Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, Cardinal the Handsome Spaniard
- Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena the Author, the Writer
- Juan Núñez, Lord of Lara the Fat
- Juan Ruiz de Molina the Old Knight [136]
- Juan Tellez Giron, 4th Count of Ureña, 1531-58 (1494-1558) the Saint
- Juana de Mendoza the Rich Lady, la Rica Hembra
- Juana Núñez de Lara (d.1351) the Little Dove, the Little Turtle Dove (Sp. la Palomilla) [91] [137]
- Judicael ap Hoel the Saint
- Judith of Bavaria the Fair
- Judith of Lens the Countess, Comitissa
- Julia Domna Jocasta [138]
- Julian the Apostate, the Philosopher
- Juliane de Leyburn, Baroness Leyburn the Infanta of Kent [139]
- Julie Clary la Intrusa
- Julius Caesar Germanicus, ("...Julius Caesar (was) known as 'Germanicus' for his successful campaigns in Germany, where he defeated the tribes which had ambushed the Roman legions at Teutoburg....") the Father of the Country, the Flower of All Aristocrats [140][141]
- Julius Constantius the Patrician, son of Constantius Chlorus
- Julius Jacob von Haynau the Hyena of Brescia [142][143]
- Justin I the Great
- Justin II the Thracian, Thrax, the Younger
- Justinian I the Great
- Justinian II the Slit-Nosed, the Cut-Nose Rhinotmetus [144]
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b c "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/174/1116/14678/1/frameset.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Sandman #75 Annotations". Enjolrasworld.com. http://www.enjolrasworld.com/Annotations/Sandman_75%20Annotations.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Time traveller's guide to Stuart England". Channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide17/part07.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Mike Mahoney. "Kings and Queens of England - Charles II". English Monarchs. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_3.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "James II of Mallorca". Grec.net. http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0034389. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James II Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland". Undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/jamesii.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "scotlandspast.org". scotlandspast.org. http://www.scotlandspast.org/jamesii.cfm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Enciclopèdia Catalana". Grec.cat. http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/hecangcl2.pgm?&USUARI=&SESSIO=&NDCHEC=0034401&PGMORI=E. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James II of Urgell". Grec.net. http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0034401. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James II of Urgell". Grec.net. http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0034401&FOTFOT=FG002296.JPG. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/174/frameset.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "BERKELEY of Berkeley". Tudorplace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/BERKELEY1.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "5. THE BARONS". Allardice.org. http://www.allardice.org/barons/5barons.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "at". Dukesofbuckingham.org. http://www.dukesofbuckingham.org/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of Sir James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst700.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Overview of James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst651.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst649.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027012234/http://uk.geocities.com/snow_man1uk/this_will_be_nyu_next_page.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "James FITZGERALD (16° E. Desmond)". Tudorplace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesFitzgerald(16EDesmond).htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c d "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter D". Booksulster.com. http://www.booksulster.com/library/biography/biographyD.php. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Fitzgeralds - Chapter 11". Carson Johnson. http://www.carsonjohnson.com/chapter11-fitzgerald.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James FITZGERALD (14° E. Desmond)". Tudorplace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesFitzgerald(14EDesmond).htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James FITZTHOMAS FITZGERALD (17° E. Desmond)". Tudorplace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesFitzgerald(17EDesmond).htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c d e "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter F". Booksulster.com. http://www.booksulster.com/library/biography/biographyF.php. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c d e "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". Manybooks.net. http://manybooks.net/support/b/brewere/brewere1143111431-8.exp.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Webmaster, John Duncan, UK - http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/+(2010-02-11). "History of the Jacobites, The Scottish Jacobites - UK History". Scotshistoryonline.co.uk. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/sutherla.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Webmaster, John Duncan, UK - http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/+(2010-02-11). "Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Jacobites, Scotland - UK History". Scotshistoryonline.co.uk. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/charlieb.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter R". Booksulster.com. http://www.booksulster.com/library/biography/biographyR.php. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Claverhouse, by Mowbray Morris". Gutenberg.org. 2006-04-25. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18254/18254-h/18254-h.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James Scott ("Mr Crofts", 1st Duke of Monmouth) (Pepys' Diary)". Pepysdiary.com. http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/5315.php. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Jan III Sobieski". Hyperhistory.net. http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2sobieskijan.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ a b c "Radziwill Portraits". Radziwill.com. http://www.radziwill.com/photo2.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Jean Bastard of Orleans, later Count of Dunois". Perso.orange.fr. http://perso.orange.fr/jean-claude.colrat/2dunois.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "SFMornayC". http://www.siefar.org/DictionnaireSIEFAR/SFMornayC.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Robert Burns Country: The Burns Encyclopedia: Gordon, Jane, Duchess of Gordon (1746 1812)". Robertburns.org. http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/GordonJaneDuchessofGordon17461511812.400.shtml. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "300-9". Members.pcug.org.au. http://members.pcug.org.au/~ronwells/300-9.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "General Jean-Baptiste Dumonceau: The Unblemished General". Napoleon-series.org. http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/c_dumonceau.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Adversaries". Wellington15.tripod.com. http://wellington15.tripod.com/adversaries.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste Marshal (1804)". Ameliefr.club.fr. http://ameliefr.club.fr/E-Jourdan.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [7][dead link]
- ^ "Geocities - definitions". http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/~bblair/frevdefs.htm&date=2009-10-26+00:42:40. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Sérurier Jean-Matthieu-Philibert, count (Laon, 1742 - Paris, 1819)". Ameliefr.club.fr. http://ameliefr.club.fr/E-Serurier.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c [8][dead link]
- ^ "Comte de Dunois, dit le Bâtard d'Orléans". Xenophongroup.com. 2000-06-01. http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/dunois.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "JEAN DE POLTROT (c. 15... - Online Information article about JEAN DE POLTROT (c. 15". Encyclopedia.jrank.org. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PIG_POL/POLTROT_JEAN_DE_c_15371563_.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Jean de Metz et Bertrand de Poulengy". Perso.orange.fr. http://perso.orange.fr/jean-claude.colrat/2metz.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Northern France Nobility". Fmg.ac. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORTHERN%20FRANCE.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c d e "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/174/1118/14734/1/frameset.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Madame de Pompadour Jeanne Antoinette Poisson Maitresse du Roi, Mistress of King". Madamedepompadour.com. http://www.madamedepompadour.com/_eng_pomp/home.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "zvonimir". http://members.tripod.com/royalcroatia/zvonimir.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "kresimir2". http://members.tripod.com/royalcroatia/kresimir2.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "Explorations in Politics". Interzone.com. http://www.interzone.com/~cheung/SUM.dir/polit7.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "John, 2nd Earl of Morton". Douglashistory.co.uk. http://douglashistory.co.uk/history/john2ndearlofmorton.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [9][dead link]
- ^ "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly: Information from". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/graf-von-tilly. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of John Campbell". Scottish-places.info. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1535.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Joachim Murat - Great People of Color". Marcus Garvey. http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=501. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/frameset.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. http://www.georgianindex.net/Prinny/prinnys_set.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Harpa Hreinsdóttir. "Giovanna Anjou". Fva.is. http://www.fva.is/harpa/comenius/it_giovanna.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [10][dead link]
- ^ "Burgundy Duchy, Dukes". Fmg.ac. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BURGUNDY.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Kathryn Warner (2006-05-03). "Edward II: Edward II's brothers and sisters (1)". Edwardthesecond.blogspot.com. http://edwardthesecond.blogspot.com/2006/05/edward-iis-brothers-and-sisters-1.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [11][dead link]
- ^ a b H.J. Chaytor. "Chapter 13: A History of Aragon and Catalonia". Libro.uca.edu. http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/hac13.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "John I of Catalonia-Aragon". Grec.net. http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0034580. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Charles IV". Pyykkonen.net. http://www.pyykkonen.net/praha/en/CharlesIV.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b [12][dead link]
- ^ "Jean d'Alençon". Pagesperso-orange.fr. http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jean-claude.colrat/2alencon.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Jehanne la Pucelle". Stjoan-center.com. http://www.stjoan-center.com/time_line/part03.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Vorlesung Schmid: Bayern im Spaetmittelalter - 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, Material 12". Uni-regensburg.de. http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_III/Geschichte/Lehre/s2002vsmm12.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "John II of Portugal Summary". BookRags.com. 2010-11-02. http://www.bookrags.com/John_II_of_Portugal. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Google Translate". Translate.google.com. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/obio/detail.php%3Fid%3D275&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=10&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgrafen%2Bvon%2Brietberg%26hl%3Den. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Google Translate". Translate.google.com. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.kaunitz-rietberg.de/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgrafen%2Bvon%2Brietberg%26hl%3Den. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "History Of The Netherlands - Ch. 5". Oldandsold.com. http://www.oldandsold.com/articles36/netherlands-5.shtml. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Swabia Nobility". Fmg.ac. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SWABIAN%20NOBILITY.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The 'Companions' of Jeanne d'Arc and Others". Xenophongroup.com. 2003-05-26. http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/compgns.htm#breze. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Tom Oberhofer. "Normandy and Brittany: French feudal coins". Home.eckerd.edu. http://home.eckerd.edu/~oberhot/feud-brittany.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "King Matthias Corvinus". Angelfire.com. http://www.angelfire.com/ks/tepelus/index.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Electronic History Resources, online since 1990". Historical Text Archive. http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=521. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [13][dead link]
- ^ "Polmos Lancut Distillery - The Devil of Lancut". Polmoslancut.com.pl. http://www.polmoslancut.com.pl/eng/thedevil.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Normandy Nobility". Fmg.ac. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMAN%20NOBILITY.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "RBH Biography: Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751)". Berkshirehistory.com. http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/hstjohn_vbol.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "Castile". Fmg.ac. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CASTILE.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Clifford family connection with Conisbrough". Rotherham Web. http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/clifford.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [14][dead link]
- ^ [15][dead link]
- ^ "John Balliol Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland". Undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/johnballiol.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [16][dead link]
- ^ "John Erskine 6th (or 11th) earl of Mar Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about John Erskine 6th (or 11th) earl of Mar". Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Mar-John6.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of John Erskine". Scottish-places.info. http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst69.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [17][dead link]
- ^ a b "playford". Freewebs.com. http://www.freewebs.com/spun_measured_and_cut/playford.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b [18][dead link]
- ^ [19][dead link]
- ^ "Albert Eckhout (1610-1666) - CODART - Dutch and Flemish art in museums worldwide". Codart.nl. 2004-06-27. http://www.codart.nl/?page_id=119&event_id=585. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c "The ministry of John Stuart, third Earl of Bute (May 1762-April 1763)". Historyhome.co.uk. 2011-01-05. http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/ministry/butemin.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Clan Graham". Electricscotland.com. http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/dtog/graham2.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b [20][dead link]
- ^ "John George Lambton 1st earl of Durham Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about John George Lambton 1st earl of Durham". Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Durham-J.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "at". Dukesofbuckingham.org. http://www.dukesofbuckingham.org/people/contemporaries/lady_jersey.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Earldom of Menteith". Electricscotland.com. http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/families/menteith.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [21][dead link]
- ^ [22][dead link]
- ^ Tom Oberhofer. "Jean sans Peur/John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy". Home.eckerd.edu. http://home.eckerd.edu/~oberhot/bur-johnfear.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Special Collections resources for Slavonic Studies". Special.lib.gla.ac.uk. http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/teach/slavonic/slavonic.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [23][dead link]
- ^ "Scots to the siege of Orleans". Perso.orange.fr. http://perso.orange.fr/jean-claude.colrat/2-ecossais.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [24][dead link]
- ^ "Some of the cast of Invitation to a Funeral". Okima.com. http://www.okima.com/cast/index.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Glencoe - Myth & Reality". Electricscotland.com. http://www.electricscotland.com/books/paterson/glencoe.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b [25][dead link]
- ^ [26][dead link]
- ^ "The Barons de Braose". Freespace.virgin.net. http://freespace.virgin.net/doug.thompson/BraoseWeb/frames.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Clan". Carmichael.co.uk. http://www.carmichael.co.uk/clan/gen.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "www.castles-abbeys.co.uk". www.castles-abbeys.co.uk. http://www.castles-abbeys.co.uk/Arundel-Castle.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Family History". Boughtonhouse.org.uk. http://www.boughtonhouse.org.uk/htm/others/family.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Northamptonshire Moths - Picture Gallery". Northamptonshirewildlife.co.uk. 1906-10-03. http://www.northamptonshirewildlife.co.uk/nmoths/rockinghamforest.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [27][dead link]
- ^ "Biographies". Mek.oszk.hu. http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/338.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [28][dead link]
- ^ "York Staters: What's in a Name #4: Lake Bonaparte". Yorkstaters.blogspot.com. 2006-04-03. http://yorkstaters.blogspot.com/2006/03/whats-in-name-4-lake-bonaparte.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Madrid (Spain) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-12044/Madrid#360763.hook. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "FouchE Joseph: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library". Questia.com. http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/fouche_joseph.jsp. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [29][dead link]
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph Othmar Rauscher". Newadvent.org. 1911-06-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12660b.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Josephine". Oldandsold.com. http://www.oldandsold.com/articles35/famous-women-16.shtml. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [30][dead link]
- ^ "Embid Castle". Castles.nl. 2010-11-21. http://www.castles.nl/eur/es/em/em.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ [31][dead link]
- ^ "RomeHistory". Emp.byui.edu. http://emp.byui.edu/marrottr/352Folder/RomeHistory.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Person Page 13740". thePeerage.com. http://www.thepeerage.com/p13740.htm#i137398. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "An Abridged History Of Rome - Part I - Vii - From Tiberius To Nero". Romeartlover.it. http://www.romeartlover.it/Storia7.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Sobriquets and Nicknames". Books.google.ca. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WZsYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA180&dq=nickname&ei=OkgQSZePHI-4swOXjbiPDA#PPA123,M1. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (Nuttall Encyclopædia)". Fromoldbooks.org. http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/h/haynaujuliusjakobbaronvon.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Deep North » Blog Archive » Legitimate Protest". Rereviewed.com. 2003-11-19. http://www.rereviewed.com/thedeepnorth/?p=98. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Facts About the Byzantine Emperors". Web2.airmail.net. 2001-09-07. http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/byzantine.html. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
