List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States

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The following List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States documents the most prominent cases of each presidency. As granted by the Constitution (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1), Presidents have the power to grant clemency in one or more of the following ways: the ability to grant a full pardon, to commute a sentence, or to rescind a fine. U.S. Presidents have no power to grant clemency for crimes prosecuted under state law.

As to the difference between a pardon and a commutation:

  • A pardon is an executive order vacating a conviction.
  • A commutation is the mitigation of the sentence of someone currently serving a sentence for a crime pursuant to a conviction, without vacating the conviction itself.

Approximately 20,000 pardons and clemencies were issued by U.S. presidents in the 20th century alone. The records of acts of clemency were public until 1934. In 1981 the Office of the Pardon Attorney was created and records from President H. W. Bush forward are now listed.[1] This list includes pardons and commutations.[2]

Contents

[edit] George Washington

President George Washington pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 16 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] John Adams

President John Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 21 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • David Bradford, for his role in the Whiskey Rebellion
  • John Fries, for his role in Fries's Rebellion; convicted of treason due to opposition to a tax; Fries and others were pardoned, and a general amnesty was issued for everyone involved.
  • John Scotchlar, for stealing rigging from the new USS Constitution. Pay the fine; avoid lashing. [5]

[edit] Thomas Jefferson

President Thomas Jefferson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 119 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • David Brown - convicted of sedition under the Sedition Act of 1798 because of his criticism of the United States federal government, receiving the harshest sentence of anyone; pardoned along with all violators of the act

[edit] James Madison

President James Madison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 196 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • William Hull - while Governor of the Michigan Territory, sentenced to death for surrendering Fort Detroit; pardoned
  • Jean Lafitte and Pierre Lafitte and the Baratarian Pirates for past piracy, granted due to their assistance during the War of 1812; granted February 6, 1815.[6]

[edit] James Monroe

President James Monroe pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 419 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Pardoned numerous individuals convicted of piracy.[7]

[edit] John Quincy Adams

President John Quincy Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 183 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Captain L. O. Helland - arrested for having more passengers on board the vessel (Restauration) than were allowed by American law; pardoned
  • Wekau and Chickhonsic - Ho-Chunk leaders pardoned for their role in the Winnebago War[8]

[edit] Andrew Jackson

President Andrew Jackson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 386 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • George Wilson - convicted of robbing the United States mails. Strangely, Wilson refused to accept the pardon. The case went before the Supreme Court, and in United States v. Wilson the court stated: "A pardon is a deed, to the validity of which delivery is essential, and delivery is not complete without acceptance. It may then be rejected by the person to whom it is tendered; and if it is rejected, we have discovered no power in this court to force it upon him." As such, Wilson was not released from prison early.

[edit] Martin Van Buren

President Martin Van Buren pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 168 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] William Henry Harrison

President William Henry Harrison was one of only two presidents who gave no pardons. This was due to his death shortly after taking office.

[edit] John Tyler

President John Tyler pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 209 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Alexander William Holmes – sailor convicted of voluntary manslaughter (U.S. v. Holmes); pardoned

[edit] James K. Polk

President James K. Polk pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 268 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Zachary Taylor

President Zachary Taylor pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 38 people during his term.[3]

[edit] Millard Fillmore

President Millard Fillmore pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 170 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres - convicted in the Pearl incident (transporting slaves to freedom); pardoned

[edit] Franklin Pierce

President Franklin Pierce pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 142 people during his term.[3]

[edit] James Buchanan

President James Buchanan pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 150 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Abraham Lincoln

President Abraham Lincoln pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 343 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 654 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Ulysses S. Grant

President Ulysses S. Grant pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,332 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Confederate leaders - All but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned when President Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872.

[edit] Rutherford B. Hayes

President Rutherford B. Hayes pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 893 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] James Garfield

President James Garfield was one of only two presidents who gave no pardons. This was due to his assassination shortly after taking office.

[edit] Chester A. Arthur

President Chester A. Arthur pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 337 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Fitz John Porter - Court-martialed for his actions at Second Bull Run; sentence commuted

[edit] Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,107 (est.) people during his two, non-consecutive terms.[3] Among them (in his first term) are:

  • James Brooks - Texas Ranger indicted for manslaughter; pardoned after lobbying from his fellow Rangers
  • Rudger Clawson - convicted of polygamy; pardoned
  • David King Udall - convicted on perjury charges; spent 3 months in a Federal Prison; received a full and unconditional pardon

[edit] Benjamin Harrison

President Benjamin Harrison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 613 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints - Granted amnesty and pardon for the offense of engaging in polygamous or plural marriage to members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints [10]

[edit] Grover Cleveland (2nd term)

President Grover Cleveland pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,107 (est.) people during his two, non-consecutive terms.[3] Among them (in his second term) are:

[edit] William McKinley

President William McKinley pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 918 (est.) people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 981 (est.) people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] William Howard Taft

President William H. Taft pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 758 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Woodrow Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,480 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • George Burdick - a New York newspaper editor, who had refused to testify in federal court regarding the sources used in his article concerning the collection of customs duties. He pled the 5th amendment; President Wilson then granted him a full pardon for all of his federal offenses, which he refused. He continued to plead the 5th, at which he was sentenced by a federal judge for contempt. It was then that the Supreme Court reinforced the necessity of accepting a pardon to be valid; the federal judge had imprisoned Burdick on the grounds that he was claiming falsely his need for protection against self-incrimination.
  • Frederick Krafft - convicted for alleged violation of the Espionage Act. Only person convicted under this law to receive a full executive pardon.

[edit] Warren Harding

President Warren G. Harding pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 800 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Calvin Coolidge

President Calvin Coolidge pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,545 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Marcus Garvey - convicted of mail fraud; sentence commuted and deported
  • Lothar Witzke - German spy and saboteur; pardoned and deported

[edit] Herbert Hoover

President Herbert Hoover pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,385 people during his term.[3] Among them are:

  • Warren T. McCray - Governor of Indiana convicted of Mail Fraud; pardoned after learning of the KKK's role in his arrest and conviction
  • Thomas W. Miller - conspiring to defraud the U.S. government; pardoned

[edit] Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic President Roosevelt granted 3,687 pardons in his four terms in office.[3] Among them are:

[edit] Harry Truman

Democratic President Harry Truman pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,044 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1157 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

  • Maurice L. Schick - military court-martial for brutal murder; sentence commuted to life imprisonment, with the condition that he would never be released. Legal challenge went to the Supreme Court, questioning the constitutionality of the punishment "Life Imprisonment Without Parole". Decided in Schick v. Reed that to be so sentenced was constitutional. He was not paroled.

[edit] John F. Kennedy

Democratic President John F. Kennedy pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 575 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

  • First-time offenders convicted of crimes under the Narcotics Control Act of 1956 - pardoned all, in effect overturning much of the law passed by Congress.

[edit] Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1187 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] Richard Nixon

Republican President Richard Nixon pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 926 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

  • Jimmy Hoffa (Pardoned December 23rd, 1971) - sentence commuted on condition
  • Angelo DeCarlo - convicted of extortion; served 1½ years; pardoned due to poor health

[edit] Gerald Ford

Republican President Gerald Ford pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 409 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] Jimmy Carter

Democratic President Jimmy Carter pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 566 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] Ronald Reagan

Republican President Ronald Reagan pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 406 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] George H.W. Bush

Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush

Republican President George H. W. Bush pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 77 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

[edit] Bill Clinton

Main article: List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton

Democratic President William J. Clinton pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 459 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

  • Roger Clinton, Jr. - brother of Bill Clinton. After serving a year in federal prison for cocaine possession.
  • Almon Glenn Braswell - convicted of mail fraud and perjury; pardoned
  • Patty Hearst - Bank robbery. Prison term commuted by Jimmy Carter. She was released from prison in 1979. She was fully pardoned by Clinton in 2001.
  • Marc Rich, Pincus Green - business partners; indicted by U.S. Attorney on charges of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran. Pardoned at the request of 3 Republicans including Lewis Libby.[15]
  • Dan Rostenkowski - Democrat from Illinois. Served his entire sentence, then pardoned.
  • Fife Symington III - Republican Governor of Arizona convicted of bank fraud; pardoned.[16]
  • Susan McDougal - partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the failed Whitewater deal. Guilty of contempt of court, she served her entire sentence and was then pardoned.
  • Henry Cisneros - Clinton's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count for lying to the FBI, and was fined $10,000.
  • Edward Downe, Jr. - wire fraud, filing false income tax returns, and securities fraud; pardoned
  • Elizam Escobar - seditious conspiracy; pardoned
  • Samuel Loring Morison - espionage and theft of government property; pardoned
  • Mel Reynolds - Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives.
  • Henry O. Flipper - The first black West Point cadet was found guilty of "conduct unbecoming an officer" in 1882.
  • John Deutch - Director of Central Intelligence, former Provost and University Professor, MIT
  • Rick Hendrick - NASCAR Team Owner & Champion; convicted of mail fraud; pardoned
  • FALN - commuted the sentences of 16 members of FALN, a violent Puerto Rican terrorist group that set off 120 bombs in the United States, mostly in New York City and Chicago. The 16 were convicted of conspiracy and sedition and sentenced with terms ranging from 35 to 105 years in prison.

[edit] George W. Bush

Main article: List of people pardoned by George W. Bush

Republican President George W. Bush pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 200 people during his term.[11] Among them are:

  • Lewis "Scooter" Libby - Assistant to President George W. Bush and Chief of Staff to Dick Cheney was convicted of perjury in connection with the CIA leak scandal involving members of State Department who 'outed' CIA agent Valerie Plame. Libby received commutation, not a full pardon.
  • José Compeán and Ignacio Ramos - Two US Border Patrol who wounded drug smuggler Osvaldo Aldrete Dávila and tried to cover up the incident.[17] Senator Dianne Feinstein asked President Bush to commute the sentences.[18]
  • Charles Winters - Posthumous pardon for smuggling three B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers to Israel in the late 1940s
  • Issac Robert Toussie - Convicted of making false statements to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; pardoned and the pardon revoked one day later
  • Edwin L. Cox Jr. - Convicted in 1988 for bank fraud
  • John Forté - Hip-hop singer/song writer's sentence for smuggling cocaine was commuted.[19]

[edit] Barack Obama

Main article: List of people pardoned by Barack Obama

Democratic President Barack Obama has pardoned 16 people up to this point in his term of office.[11] Among them are:

  • James Bernard Banks, of Liberty, Utah, sentenced to two years of probation in 1972 for illegal possession of government property.[20]
  • Russell James Dixon, of Clayton, Ga., sentenced to two years of probation in 1960 for a liquor law violation.[20]
  • Laurens Dorsey, of Syracuse, N.Y., sentenced in 1998 to five years of probation and $71,000 in restitution for conspiracy to defraud by making false statements to the Food and Drug Administration.[20]
  • Ronald Lee Foster, of Beaver Falls, Pa., sentenced in 1963 to a year of probation and a $20 fine for mutilating coins.[20]
  • Timothy James Gallagher, of Navasota, Texas, sentenced in 1982 to three years of probation for cocaine possession and conspiracy to distribute.[20]
  • Roxane Kay Hettinger, Powder Springs, Ga., sentenced in 1986 to 30 days in jail and three years of probation for conspiracy to distribute cocaine.[20]
  • Edgar Leopold Kranz Jr., of Minot, N.D., who received 24 months of confinement and a pay reduction for cocaine use, adultery and bouncing checks.[20]
  • Floretta Leavy, of Rockford, Ill., sentenced in 1984 to 366 days in prison and three years of parole for drug offenses.[20]
  • Scoey Lathaniel Morris, of Crosby, Texas, sentenced in 1991 to three years of probation and $1,200 restitution for counterfeiting offenses.[20]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

General references:

Specific references:

  1. ^ www.howstuffworks.com, "How Presidential Pardons Work" by Josh Clark
  2. ^ Presidential Pardons
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Ruckman, Jr., P.S. (1995-11-04). "Federal Executive Clemency in United States". http://ednet.rvc.cc.il.us/~PeterR/Papers/paper3.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-19. 
  4. ^ National Archives at Boston. US District Court, RI, Term 1791
  5. ^ National Archives at Boston. US District Court, MA. 1798
  6. ^ Ingersoll, Charles Jared (1852), History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815, 2, Lippincott, Grambo & co, pp. 82–83, http://books.google.com/books?id=JW0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA83 
  7. ^ Preston, Daniel (2000). A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of James Monroe [Two Volumes]. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood. pp. 788, et al. ISBN 978-0-31331-426-1. 
  8. ^ John W. Hall, Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War (Harvard University Press, 2009; ISBN 0674035186), p. 92.
  9. ^ http://www.historynet.com/abraham-lincoln-deciding-the-fate-of-300-indians-convicted-of-war-crimes-in-minnesotas-great-sioux-uprising.htm
  10. ^ Granting Amnesty and Pardon for the Offense of Engaging in Polygamous or Plural Marriage to Members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "PRESIDENTIAL CLEMENCY ACTIONS BY ADMINISTRATION: 1945 to Present". US Department of Justice - Office of the Pardon Attorney. 2011-03-07. http://www.justice.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-19. 
  12. ^ Andrew Glass, Politico, "Carter pardons draft dodgers Jan. 21, 1977
  13. ^ Federal Presidential Pardon: Armand Hammer
  14. ^ www.nytimes.com, January 16, 2010, "Bush Frees Ex-US Agent in Manhattan" by Craig Wolff
  15. ^ CNN, Inside politics: "GOP lawyer: Facts 'misconstrued' in Rich case"
  16. ^ Rudin, Ken January 26, 2001, I Beg Your Pardon Washington Post
  17. ^ ^ "Statement of U.S. Attorney Johnny Sutton following today's oral argument before the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in RE: United States of America v. Ignacio Ramos and Jose Alonso Compean" (PDF). United States Attorney for the Western District of Texas website. December 12, 2007. http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/txw/press_releases/Compean-Ramos/compean&ramos_5thcircuit_statement.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-08. (PDF file)
  18. ^ Moore, Art (2007-07-17). "Feinstein to Bush: Free Ramos, Compean". World Net Daily. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56727. 
  19. ^ www.about.com, Star-Ledger, November 30, 2008, "Talent and Friend got singer john Forte out of jail" by Alexi Friedman
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i [1]
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