List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: II. Osteology

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The subjects listed below are covered by the 2nd chapter of the 1858 anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy.

Contents

1 Introduction (Gray's s17)
2 Bone (Gray's s18)
3 The vertebral column (Gray's s19)
4 The thorax (Gray's s26)
5 The skull (Gray's s30)
6 The extremities (Gray's s48)
7 See also

[edit] Introduction (Gray's s17)

[edit] Gray's page #79

classes
- Long bones
  - body, or diaphysis
  - medullary canal
  - epiphyses
- Short bones
- Flat bones
  - tables of the skull
  - vitreous table

[edit] Gray's page #80

classes
- Flat bones
  - diploë
- Irregular bones
Surfaces of bones
- articular eminences
- articular depressions
- non-articular eminences
  - tuberosity, protuberance, or process
  - tubercle
  - spine
  - ridge, crest, or line
- non-articular depressions
  - fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
- perforation/passage
  - foramen
  - canal

[edit] Development of the skeleton

[edit] Gray's page #80

[edit] Gray's page #81

Vertebral column
- membranous vertebral column

[edit] Gray's page #82

Vertebral column
- cartilaginous vertebral column
- hypochordal bar or brace
- nucleus pulposus
Ribs
- primitive costal arches

[edit] Gray's page #83

[edit] Gray's page #84

Skull
- membranous cranium
- chondrocranium
- chordal or vertebral portion
- prechordal or prevertebral portion
- trabeculae cranii
- parachordal cartilages

[edit] Gray's page #85

- cartilaginous ear-capsules
- trabeculae cranii
- ethmoidal plate
- dermal or covering bones

[edit] Bone (Gray's s18)

[edit] Gray's page #86

Structure and Physical Properties
- compact tissue
- cancellous tissue

[edit] Gray's page #87

[edit] Gray's page #88

Marrow
- myelocytes
- erythroblasts or normoblasts
- Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
- Howship's foveolæ
Vessels and Nerves of Bone
- blood vessels
- medullary artery or nutrient artery

[edit] Gray's page #89

Vessels and Nerves of Bone
Minute Anatomy

[edit] Gray's page #90

Minute Anatomy
- primary or fundamental lamellæ
- secondary or special lamellæ
- Haversian canals
- lamellæ
- perforating fibers
- Lacunæ

[edit] Gray's page #91

Minute Anatomy
Ossification
- intramembranous ossification

[edit] Gray's page #92

Ossification
- intramembranous ossification
  - osteoblasts
  - Osteogenetic fibers

[edit] Gray's page #93

Ossification
- intercartilaginous ossification

[edit] Gray's page #94

Ossification
- osteoblasts, or bone-formers
- osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
- secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

[edit] Gray's page #95

Ossification
- epiphyses

[edit] The vertebral column (Gray's s19)

[edit] Gray's page #96

Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

[edit] General characteristics of a vertebra (Gray's s20)

[edit] Gray's page #96

[edit] Gray's page #97

body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
- pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
  - vertebral notches
- lamina of the vertebral arch
processes of vertebra
- 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
- 4 Articular processes
- 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

[edit] The cervical vertebrae (Gray's s21)

[edit] Gray's page #97

cervical vertebræ

[edit] Gray's page #98

[edit] Gray's page #99

First cervical vertebra (atlas)

[edit] Gray's page #100

First cervical vertebra (atlas)
- inferior articular facets
- transverse processes
second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
- body
- dens or odontoid process
- apex

[edit] Gray's page #101

[edit] Gray's page #102

Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
- cervical rib

[edit] The thoracic vertebrae (Gray's s22)

[edit] Gray's page #102

thoracic vertebræ

[edit] Gray's page #104

[edit] The lumbar vertebrae (Gray's s23)

[edit] Gray's page #104

lumbar vertebræ

[edit] Gray's page #106

[edit] The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Gray's s24)

[edit] Gray's page #106

Sacrum (os sacrum)
- sacrovertebral angle
Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)

[edit] Gray's page #107

Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)

[edit] Gray's page #108

Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
Lateral surface of sacrum
base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

[edit] Gray's page #110

base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
- ala of sacrum
Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

[edit] Gray's page #111

Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
Coccyx (os coccygis)
- coccygeal cornua
Ossification of the Vertebral column

[edit] Gray's page #112

neurocentral synchondroses

[edit] Gray's page #113

Ossification of the Vertebral column

[edit] The vertebral column as a whole (Gray's s25)

[edit] Gray's page #114

Curves of vertebral column

[edit] Gray's page #115

[edit] The thorax (Gray's s26)

[edit] Gray's page #116

thorax or chest

[edit] Gray's page #117

[edit] Gray's page #118

[edit] The sternum (Gray's s27)

[edit] Gray's page #119

sternum (breast bone)

[edit] Gray's page #120

Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
- jugular notch or presternal notch
Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

[edit] Gray's page #121

Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
- sternal foramen
- sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

[edit] Gray's page #123

fissura sterni

[edit] The ribs (Gray's s28)

[edit] Gray's page #123

ribs (Costæ)
Common Characteristics of the Ribs
Posterior Extremity
- crista colli costœ

[edit] Gray's page #124

Posterior Extremity
body or shaft
- angle
- costal groove

[edit] Gray's page #125

[edit] Gray's page #126

Peculiar ribs
- Tenth rib
- Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

[edit] The costal cartilages (Gray's s29)

[edit] Gray's page #127

costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

[edit] The skull (Gray's s30)

[edit] Gray's page #128

[edit] The cranial bones

[edit] The occipital bone (Gray's s31)

[edit] Gray's page #129

[edit] Gray's page #130

squama (squama occipitalis)
- external surface
- internal surface
  - cruciate eminence
  - internal occipital protuberance

[edit] Gray's page #131

squama (squama occipitalis)
- internal surface
Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
- under surfaces of the lateral part
  - condyles
  - hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
  - condyloid fossa
  - condyloid canal
  - jugular process
  - jugular notch
  - intrajugular process
  - paramastoid process
- upper surface of the lateral part
  - jugular tubercle

[edit] Gray's page #132

Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris)
- pharyngeal tubercle
Foramen magnum
Angles
Borders
Ossification of occipital bone

[edit] The parietal bone (Gray's s32)

[edit] Gray's page #133

external surface
- parietal eminence (tuber parietale)

[edit] Gray's page #134

external surface
- superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
- parietal foramen
internal surface
- sagittal sulcus
- arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
Borders
- sagittal border
- squamous border

[edit] Gray's page #135

Borders
Angles

[edit] The frontal bone (Gray's s33)

[edit] Gray's page #135

Squama (squama frontalis)
- metopic suture
- frontal eminence (tuber frontale)
- superciliary arches
- glabella
- supraorbital margin

[edit] Gray's page #136

Squama (squama frontalis)

[edit] Gray's page #137

Squama (squama frontalis)
- foramen cecum
Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)

[edit] Gray's page #138

Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
border of the squama
posterior borders of the orbital plates
Ossification of frontal bone

[edit] The temporal bone (Gray's s34)

[edit] Gray's page #138

temporal bone

[edit] Gray's page #139

Squama (squama temporalis)
- temporal line, or supramastoid crest
- zygomatic process
- anterior root and posterior root
- articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)

[edit] Gray's page #140

Squama (squama temporalis)

[edit] Gray's page #141

[edit] Gray's page #142

Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
- sigmoid sulcus
- mastoid cells
- tympanic antrum
- tegmen tympani
- attic or epitympanic recess
Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- petrosquamous suture
- eminence (eminentia arcuata)
- tegmen tympani
- hiatus of the facial canal

[edit] Gray's page #143

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- Trigeminal impression
- posterior surface
- inferior surface
  - Carotid canal

[edit] Gray's page #144

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- inferior surface
- angles

[edit] Gray's page #145

Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
- angles
  - jugular foramen
  - anterior angle
  - petrosquamous suture
  - septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
Tympanic part (pars tympanica)
Styloid process (processus styloideus)
Ossification of temporal bone

[edit] Gray's page #146

Ossification of temporal bone
- Proötic center of temporal bone
- Pterotic center of temporal bone
- Epiotic center of temporal bone
- tympanic ring

[edit] The sphenoid bone (Gray's s35)

[edit] Gray's page #147

[edit] Gray's page #148

[edit] Gray's page #149

[edit] Gray's page #150

Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
- spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen Vesalii
- foramen spinosum
- infratemporal crest
- sulcus tubæ

[edit] Gray's page #151

Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
- pterion
Small wings (alæ parvæ)
- orbito-sphenoids
Surfaces
- superior orbital fissure
Borders
- anterior clinoid process
- optic foramen
Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)

[edit] Gray's page #152

Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
- pterygoid tubercle
- processus tubarius
Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

[edit] ethmoid bone (Gray's s36)

[edit] Gray's page #153

Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
- crista galli
- alæ

[edit] Gray's page #154

Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
Labyrinth or Lateral mass (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
- ethmoidal cells
Surfaces
- upper surface
  - anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
- posterior surface

[edit] Gray's page #155

Surfaces
- lateral surface
  - lamina papyracea (os planum)
  - uncinate process

[edit] Gray's page #156

Surfaces
- medial surface
sutural or Wormian bones

[edit] The facial bones

[edit] The nasal bones (Gray's s37)

[edit] Gray's page #156

nasal bones

[edit] The maxillæ (upper jaw) (Gray's s38)

[edit] Gray's page #157

maxillæ

[edit] Gray's page #158

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore)
- Surfaces
  - anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
  - infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
    - alveolar canals
    - maxillary tuberosity

[edit] Gray's page #159

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- Surfaces
  - orbital surface of the body of the maxilla

[edit] Gray's page #160

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- Surfaces
  - nasal surface of the body of the maxilla

Maxillary sinus or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

[edit] Gray's page #161

Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
- alveolar canals
Zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
- alveolar arch
- alveolar point

[edit] Gray's page #162

Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
- incisive foramen
- incisive canals
- foramina of Stenson
- foramina of Scarpa
- premaxilla (os incisivum)

[edit] Gray's page #163

Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
Ossification of maxilla

[edit] The lacrimal bone (Gray's s39)

[edit] Gray's page #163

lacrimal bone

[edit] Gray's page #164

[edit] The zygomatic bone (Gray's s40)

[edit] Gray's page #164

Surfaces
- malar surface
  - zygomaticofacial foramen
- temporal surface
  - zygomaticotemporal foramen

Processes
- frontosphenoidal process

[edit] Gray's page #165

Processes
- orbital process
  - zygomaticoörbital foramina

[edit] Gray's page #166

Processes
- maxillary process
- temporal process

Borders

Ossification of zygomatic bone

Articulations

[edit] The palatine bone (Gray's s41)

[edit] Gray's page #166

[edit] Gray's page #167

Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone)
- posterior nasal spine
Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
- conchal crest
- ethmoidal crest

[edit] Gray's page #168

Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
processes
- Pyramidal process of palatine bone or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
- Orbital process of palatine bone (processus orbitalis)

[edit] Gray's page #169

processes
- Sphenoidal process of palatine bone (processus sphenoidalis)
sphenopalatine notch
Ossification of sphenoid

[edit] The inferior nasal concha (Gray's s42)

[edit] Gray's page #169

[edit] The vomer (Gray's s43)

[edit] Gray's page #170

nasopalatine groove

[edit] Gray's page #171

ethmovomerine cartilage

[edit] The mandible (lower jaw) (Gray's s44)

[edit] Gray's page #172

Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
- external surface of mandible
- internal surface of mandible
  - mental spines

[edit] Gray's page #173

Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
- internal surface of mandible
  - mylohyoid line
Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)

[edit] Gray's page #174

Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
- angle of the mandible
- Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
- Condyloid process (processus condyloideus)
  - condyle of condyloid process
  - neck of condyloid process
- mandibular notch

[edit] Gray's page #175

[edit] The hyoid bone (Gray's s45)

[edit] Gray's page #177

Basihyal of hyoid bone

[edit] Gray's page #178

Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

[edit] The exterior of the skull (Gray's s46)

[edit] Norma verticalis

[edit] Gray's page #178

[edit] Norma basalis

[edit] Gray's page #179

Norma basalis

[edit] Gray's page #180

[edit] Gray's page #181

[edit] Gray's page #182

[edit] Norma lateralis

[edit] Gray's page #182

[edit] Gray's page #183

[edit] Gray's page #184

Infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
zygomatic arch
foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
alveolar canals
inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

[edit] Gray's page #185

pterygomaxillary fissure
Pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
foramen rotundum
pterygoid canal
pharyngeal canal
sphenopalatine foramen
pterygopalatine canal

[edit] Norma occipitalis

[edit] Gray's page #185

[edit] Norma frontalis

[edit] Gray's page #185

[edit] Gray's page #186

[edit] Gray's page #187

[edit] Gray's page #188

[edit] Orbits

[edit] Gray's page #188

Orbits (orbitæ)
roof of orbit
- trochlear fovea
- lacrimal fossa
floor of orbit
- infraorbital groove

[edit] Gray's page #189

[edit] The interior of the skull (Gray's s47)

[edit] Gray's page #189

Inner Surface of the Skull-cap

[edit] Gray's page #190

Skull: upper surface of base of:
Skull: fossa of:

Anterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii anterior)
- Frontoethmoidal suture
- Sphenoethmoidal suture
- sphenofrontal suture
- frontal crest
- foramen cecum
- crista galli
- olfactory groove
- anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
- ethmoidal spine

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)

[edit] Gray's page #191

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
- carotid groove

[edit] Gray's page #192

Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)

Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)

[edit] Gray's page #193

Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)

[edit] Gray's page #194

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)

[edit] Gray's page #195

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
- lateral wall

[edit] Gray's page #196

[edit] Gray's page #197

Skull: sexual differences in:
Craniology

[edit] Gray's page #198

The Points in the Median plane
The Points on Either Side of the Median plane

[edit] Gray's page #199

[edit] The extremities (Gray's s48)

[edit] The bones of the upper extremity

[edit] The clavicle (Gray's s49)

[edit] Gray's page #200

(Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
clavicle
coracoid tuberosity (conoid tubercle)
oblique or trapezoid ridge

[edit] Gray's page #202

costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
subclavian groove
Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

[edit] The scapula/Shoulder blade (Gray's s50)

[edit] Gray's page #202

Surfaces
- subscapular fossa

[edit] Gray's page #203

Surfaces
Spine of scapula (spina scapulæ)
- crest of the spine
- great scapular notch
Acromion

[edit] Gray's page #204

Borders
- superior border
  - scapular notch

[edit] Gray's page #205

Borders
- axillary border
- infraglenoid tuberosity

[edit] Gray's page #206

Borders
- vertebral border
Angles
- medial angle
- inferior angle

[edit] Gray's page #207

Angles
- lateral angle
Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

[edit] Gray's page #208

Ossification of scapula

[edit] The humerus (Gray's s51)

[edit] Gray's page #209

Upper extremity of humerus
- head of humerus (caput humeri)
- surgical neck
- Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
- Greater tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
- Lesser tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
- intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
- crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

[edit] Gray's page #211

body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

[edit] Gray's page #212

Lower extremity of humerus

[edit] Gray's page #213

Ossification of humerus

[edit] The ulna (Gray's s52)

[edit] Gray's page #214

Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
- Olecranon (olecranon process)
- Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
- tuberosity of the ulna
- radial notch

[edit] Gray's page #215

Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
- Semilunar notch (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
- Radial notch (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

[edit] Gray's page #218

Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
- perpendicular line
- medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
Lower extremity (distal extremity)
- head of ulna
- styloid process

[edit] Gray's page #219

ossification of ulna

[edit] The radius (Gray's s53)

[edit] Gray's page #219

Upper extremity of radius (proximal extremity)
Body of radius or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
- oblique line of the radius

[edit] Gray's page #220

[edit] The hand

[edit] The carpus (Gray's s54)

[edit] Gray's page #221

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Navicular bone (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone)

[edit] Gray's page #224

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Lunate bone (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
- Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

[edit] Gray's page #225

Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
- Pisiform bone (os pisiforme)
Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium)
- Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone)

[edit] Gray's page #226

Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

[edit] Gray's page #227

Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
- Hamate bone (os hamatum; unciform bone)
  - Hamulus of hamate bone

[edit] The metacarpus (Gray's s55)

[edit] Gray's page #227

metacarpus

[edit] Gray's page #228

Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V )

[edit] The phalanges of the hand (Gray's s56)

[edit] Gray's page #230

[edit] The bones of the lower extremity

[edit] The hip bone (Gray's s57)

[edit] Gray's page #231

Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
hip bone
acetabulum
obturator foramen

[edit] Ilium

[edit] Gray's page #231

Ilium (os ilii)
arcuate line
Body of ilium (corpus oss. ilii)

[edit] Gray's page #232

Ala (ala oss. ilii)
- External surface
  - dorsum ilii
  - posterior gluteal line (superior curved line)

[edit] Gray's page #233

Ala (ala oss. ilii)
- External surface
  - anterior gluteal line (middle curved line)
  - inferior gluteal line (inferior curved line)

[edit] Gray's page #234

Ala (ala oss. ilii)

[edit] Ischium

Ischium (os ischii)
body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)

[edit] Gray's page #235

body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)
Superior ramus (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
- tuberosity of the ischium
Inferior ramus (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

[edit] Pubis

[edit] Gray's page #236

Pubis (os pubis)
Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
Superior ramus (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
- Medial portion of superior ramus
  - pubic tubercle (pubic spine)
  - subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
  - inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)
  - inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
  - lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's ligament)
  - reflected inguinal ligament (triangular fascia)
  - pubic crest
- Lateral portion of superior ramus
  - iliopectineal eminence
  - obturator crest

[edit] Gray's page #237

Inferior ramus (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
Acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)
Obturator foramen (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)

[edit] The pelvis (Gray's s58)

[edit] Gray's page #238

bones comprising pelvis
- left and right hip bones
- sacrum
- coccyx
linea terminalis (pelvic brim)
Greater pelvis or False pelvis (pelvis major)

[edit] Gray's page #239

Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
- Superior circumference

[edit] Gray's page #240

Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
- Lower circumference

[edit] Gray's page #241

Pelvis: male and female, differences between:

[edit] The femur (Gray's s59)

[edit] Gray's page #242

Femur (Thigh bone)

[edit] Gray's page #243

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)

[edit] Gray's page #244

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- Trochanters
- Greater trochanter (trochanter major; great trochanter)
  - trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

[edit] Gray's page #245

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- Lesser trochanter (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
- tubercle of the femur
- intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

[edit] Gray's page #246

Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
- intertrochanteric crest
- linea quadrata
Body of femur or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)

[edit] Gray's page #247

Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)

[edit] Gray's page #248

Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)

[edit] Gray's page #255

Ossification of femur

[edit] The patella (Gray's s60)

[edit] Gray's page #255

Patella (Knee cap)

[edit] The tibia (Gray's s61)

[edit] Gray's page #256

[edit] Gray's page #257

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- interosseous crest or lateral border

[edit] Gray's page #258

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- popliteal line

[edit] Gray's page #259

Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
- nutrient foramen
Lower extremity of tibia
- medial malleolus
- inferior articular surface

[edit] Gray's page #260

[edit] The fibula (Gray's s62)

[edit] Gray's page #260

Fibula (Calf bone)
Upper extremity or Head of fibula (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
- apex (styloid process)
Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
- antero-lateral border
- antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

[edit] Gray's page #261

Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
- postero-lateral border
- postero-medial border (oblique line)

[edit] Gray's page #262

Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
- malleolar sulcus

yeaahh

[edit] The foot

[edit] The tarsus (Gray's s63)

[edit] Gray's page #263

Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
Calcaneus (Os calcis)
- Calcaneal sulcus

[edit] Gray's page #266

Calcaneus (Os calcis)
Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

[edit] Gray's page #267

Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

[edit] Gray's page #269

Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
- Os trigonum
- Collum tali
- Caput tali
Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
- Tuberosity of cuboid

[edit] Gray's page #270

Navicular bone of tarsus (Os naviculare pedis)
- Tuberosity of navicular bone
Cuneiform bones
- First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

[edit] Gray's page #271

Cuneiform bones
- Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
- Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

[edit] The metatarsus (Gray's s64)

[edit] Gray's page #272

[edit] Gray's page #273

Second metatarsal bone

[edit] Gray's page #274

[edit] The phalanges of the foot (Gray's s65)

[edit] Gray's page #275

phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
ungual phalanges

[edit] comparison of the bones of the hand and foot (Gray's s66)

[edit] Gray's page #276

Comparison of bones of hand and foot

[edit] The sesamoid bones (Gray's s67)

[edit] Gray's page #277

Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea )

[edit] See also

List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy

Bones (TA A02, GA 2)

Vertebral column

vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) · sacrum · coccyx

Thoracic skeleton

Neurocranium	occipital · parietal · frontal · temporal · sphenoid · ethmoid

Facial bones	nasal · maxilla · lacrimal · zygomatic · palatine · inferior nasal conchae · vomer · mandible · THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body)

Ossicles	malleus · incus · stapes


Upper	SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle · scapula · ARM: humerus · ulna · radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid · lunate bone · triquetral · pisiform · trapezium · trapezoid · capitate · hamate) · metacarpals · phalanges (prox, int, dist)

Lower	PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) · LEG: femur · patella · fibula · tibia · FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, cuboid ) · metatarsals · phalanges (prox, int, dist)

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Embryology of bones, joints, and muscles (GA 2.80, TE E5.0-2)

Upper limb	Ossification of humerus · Ossification of ulna · Ossification of radius

Lower limb	Ossification of tibia

Head	cranium: Ossification of occipital bone · Ossification of frontal bone · Ossification of temporal bone · Ossification of sphenoid · Ossification of ethmoid facial bones: Ossification of vomer (Sutura vomerina · Foramen vomerinum · Meatus vomerinus · Fissura vomerina) · Ossification of maxilla · Ossification of mandible

Other	Ossification of scapula

Other

Limb development: Limb bud · Apical ectodermal ridge/AER · Zone of polarizing activity

Sclerotome/Myotome

Septum transversum

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys

noco(arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M01C, M4)

M: MUS, DF+DRCT

anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist

noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M1A/3)

Musculoskeletal system · connective tissue: bone and cartilage (TA A02.0, TH H3.01, GA 2.86–95)

perichondrium · fibrocartilage callus · metaphysis

cells (chondroblast · chondrocyte)

types (hyaline · elastic · fibrous)

Ossification	intramembranous · endochondral

Cycle	osteoblast · osteoid · osteocyte · osteoclast

Types	cancellous · cortical

Regions	subchondral bone · epiphysis · epiphyseal plate/metaphysis · diaphysis · Condyle · Epicondyle

Structure	osteon / Haversian system · Haversian canals · Volkmann's canals · connective tissue (endosteum · periosteum) · Sharpey's fibres · enthesis · lacunae · canaliculi · trabeculae · medullary cavity · bone marrow

Shapes	long · short · flat · irregular · sesamoid

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of torso (TA A02.2,3, GA 2.96–128)

General structures	body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular/zygapophysis, spinous), spinal canal

Cervical vertebrae	Uncinate process of vertebra · Transverse foramen · Anterior tubercle · Carotid tubercle · Posterior tubercle C1 (lateral mass, anterior arch, posterior arch), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7

Thoracic vertebrae	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) · Uncinate process of vertebra

Lumbar vertebrae	L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, processes (accessory, mammillary)

Sacrum	Base: sacral promontory · ala of sacrum Lateral surface: sacral tuberosity · pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina) Dorsal surface: posterior sacral foramina · median sacral crest · medial sacral crest · lateral sacral crest · sacral canal (sacral hiatus)

Coccyx	Coccygeal cornu

Thoracic skeleton

Rib	specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, true – 1–7, false – 8–12, floating – 11–12) · parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)

Sternum	Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process

Thoracic cage	Superior thoracic aperture · Inferior thoracic aperture · Intercostal space · Costal margin · Infrasternal angle

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of head and neck: the neurocranium of the skull (TA A02.1.01–07, GA 2.129–155)

Squama	external (Inion/External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines) · planes (Occipital, Nuchal) · internal (Cruciform eminence, Internal occipital protuberance, Sagittal sulcus, Internal occipital crest)

Lateral parts	Condyle (Condyloid fossa, Condylar canal) · Hypoglossal canal · jugular (Jugular process, Jugular tubercle)

Basilar part	Pharyngeal tubercle

Other	Foramen magnum (Basion, Opisthion)

Parietal eminence · Temporal line · Parietal foramen

Squama	Frontal suture · Frontal eminence · external (Superciliary arches, Glabella) · foramina (Supraorbital, Cecum) · Zygomatic process · internal (Sagittal sulcus, Frontal crest)

Orbital part	Ethmoidal notch · Fossa for lacrimal gland · Trochlear fovea · Frontal sinus · Frontonasal duct

Squama	Articular tubercle · Suprameatal triangle · Mandibular fossa · Petrotympanic fissure · Zygomatic process

Mastoid part	Mastoid foramen · Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) · Mastoid notch · Occipital groove · Sigmoid sulcus · Mastoid antrum (Aditus)

Petrous part	Carotid canal · Facial canal (Hiatus) · Internal auditory meatus · Cochlear aqueduct · Stylomastoid foramen fossae (Subarcuate fossa, Jugular fossa) · canaliculi (Inferior tympanic, Mastoid) · Styloid process · Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)

Tympanic part	Suprameatal spine

Surfaces	Superior surface: Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae, Tuberculum sellae, Hypophysial fossa, Posterior clinoid processes) · Ethmoidal spine · Chiasmatic groove · Middle clinoid process · Petrosal process · Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove · Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses

Great wings	foramina (Rotundum, Ovale, Vesalii, Spinosum) · Spine · Infratemporal crest · Sulcus for auditory tube

Small wings	Superior orbital fissure · Anterior clinoid process · Optic canal

Pterygoid processes	fossae (Pterygoid, Scaphoid) · pterygoid plates (Lateral, Medial) · Pterygoid canal · Hamulus

Other	Body · Sphenoidal conchae

Plates	Cribriform plate (Crista galli, Olfactory foramina) · Perpendicular plate

Surfaces	Lateral surface Orbital lamina · Uncinate process Medial surface Superior nasal concha · Superior meatus · Middle nasal concha · Middle meatus

Labyrinth	Ethmoid sinus · ethmoidal foramina (Posterior, Anterior)

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of head and neck: the facial skeleton of the skull (TA A02.1.08–15, GA 2.156–177)

Surfaces	Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) · Infraorbital foramen · Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals · Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove · Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal

Processes	Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)

Other	Body of maxilla · Maxillary sinus

Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) · Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) · Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)

Fossae	Pterygopalatine fossa · Pterygoid fossa

Plates	Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) · Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process)

Processes	Orbital · Sphenoidal

Body	external surface (Symphysis menti, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) · internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) · Alveolar part of mandible

Ramus	Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) · Mandibular foramen · Angle Coronoid process · Mandibular notch · Condyloid process · Pterygoid fovea

Minor/
nose

Nasal bone: Internasal suture · Nasal foramina

Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process · Maxillary process

Vomer: Vomer anterior · Synostosis vomerina · Vomer posterior (Wing)

Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest · Lacrimal groove · Lacrimal hamulus

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of head and neck: compound structures of skull (TA A02.1.00.002–052, GA 2.178–199)

Calvaria (Diploë)

Asterion · Pterion · Stephanion · Bregma · Lambda

Fossae: anterior cranial fossa · middle cranial fossa · posterior cranial fossa · cranial cavity

Fontanelles: anterior · posterior · sphenoidal · mastoid

Facial skeleton

Nasion · Gonion

Both

dacryon · zygomatic arch · temporal fossa · infratemporal fossa · pterygomaxillary fissure · pterygopalatine fossa

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of head and neck: Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meati, and hiati) (TA A02.1.00.053–097, GA 2.178–199)

Anterior cranial fossa

to Orbit: ethmoidal foramina (anterior, posterior)
to Nasal cavity: olfactory foramina (CN-I) · foramen cecum

Middle cranial fossa

to Orbit: optic canal (CN-II) · superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)

to Pterygopalatine fossa: foramen rotundum (CN-V2) · pterygoid canal

to Infratemporal fossa: foramen ovale (CN-V3) · foramen spinosum/carotid canal

other: foramen lacerum · hiatus for greater petrosal nerve · hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve · sphenoidal emissary foramen

Posterior cranial fossa

internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII) · jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI) · foramen magnum (CN-XI) · hypoglossal canal (CN-XII) · condylar canal · mastoid foramen

to Nasal cavity: nasolacrimal canal

to Face: supraorbital (notch, foramen) · infraorbital (foramen, groove) · zygomatic foramen (-facial, -temporal)

to Pterygopalatine fossa: inferior orbital fissure

other: Inferior orbital fissure · Fossa for lacrimal sac

Pterygopalatine fossa

to Nasal cavity: sphenopalatine foramen

to Oral cavity: greater palatine canal/greater palatine foramen · lesser palatine canals/lesser palatine foramina

to Infratemporal fossa: pterygomaxillary fissure

to Nasopharynx: palatovaginal canal

to Oral cavity: incisive canals · incisive foramen

to Nasal cavity: Foramen vomerinum · Meatus vomerinus · Fissura vomerina · Hiatus vomerinus

Other

external acoustic meatus · mandibular foramen · mental foramen · parietal foramen · petrotympanic fissure · semilunar hiatus

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of head and neck, joints: cranial fibrous joints (A03.1.01–03, GA 2.178–199)

Cranial syndesmoses

Pterygospinous ligament · Stylohyoid ligament

Cranial sutures

Cranial: frontoethmoidal · frontal or metopic (frontal/frontal) · coronal (frontal/parietal) · occipitomastoid (occipital/temporal) · lambdoid (parietal/temporal) · sagittal (parietal/parietal) · sphenoethmoidal · sphenofrontal · sphenoparietal · sphenosquamosal (sphenoid/temporal) · sphenopetrosal (sphenoid/temporal) · squamosal (temporal/parietal) · petrosquamous (temporal/temporal)
Facial: palatomaxillary suture · Sutura embryonica · Sutura embryonica accessoria

Cranial–facial: sphenozygomatic · zygomaticotemporal · zygomaticofrontal

Dento-alveolar syndesmosis

Gomphosis: Periodontal fiber · Periodontium · Dental alveolus · Gingiva · Cementum

Synostosis vomerina · Synostosis mandibularis · Synostosis frontalis · Synostosis petrosquamosa · Synostosis incisiva

anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys

noco(arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M01C, M4)

Bones of upper limbs (TA A02.4, GA 2.200–230)

Pectoral girdle,
clavicle

conoid tubercle · trapezoid line · costal tuberosity · subclavian groove

fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) · scapular notch · glenoid cavity

tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) · spine of scapula · acromion · coracoid process

borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) · angles (superior, inferior, lateral)

upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) · tubercles (greater, lesser) · intertubercular sulcus

body: radial sulcus · deltoid tuberosity

lower extremity: capitulum · trochlea · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) · fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)

radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) · body · lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process)
ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) · body · lower extremity (head, styloid process)

carpus: scaphoid · lunate · triquetral · pisiform · trapezium · trapezoid · capitate · hamate (hamulus)

metacarpus: 1st metacarpal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th

phalanges of the hand: proximal · intermediate · distal

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of pelvis / pelvic cavity (TA A02.5.01–03, GA 2.231–241)

General

sacrum · coccyx · hip bone

body	arcuate line

wing	gluteal lines (posterior, anterior, inferior) iliac spines (anterior superior, anterior inferior, posterior superior, posterior inferior) other: crest · tuberosity · tubercle · fossa

body	ischial spine · lesser sciatic notch

superior ramus	tuberosity of the ischium

inferior ramus	no substructures

body	pubic crest

superior ramus	pubic tubercle · obturator crest

inferior ramus	pectineal line

Compound

acetabulum (acetabular notch) · iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line · linea terminalis · ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
obturator foramen · greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch · lesser sciatic foramen

lesser pelvis (pelvic inlet, pelvic brim, pelvic outlet) · greater pelvis

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

Bones of lower limbs (TA A02.5.04–18, GA 2.242–277)

upper extremity	head (fovea) · neck · greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) · lesser trochanter · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest · quadrate tubercle

body	linea aspera · gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter · pectineal line

lower extremity	adductor tubercle · patellar surface · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · condyles (lateral, medial) · intercondylar fossa

upper extremity	Gerdy's tubercle · condyles (lateral, medial) · intercondylar eminence (lateral/medial intercondylar tubercle) · posterior/anterior intercondylar area

body	tuberosity · soleal line

lower extremity	medial malleolus · fibular notch

head · body · lateral malleolus

Other

patella (apex of patella)

Tarsus	calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus (body, neck, head) · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Metatarsus	1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th

Other	phalanges of the foot

anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(M5)

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