List of unclassified languages of South America

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Campbell & Grondona [edit]

Campbell & Grondona (2012:116-130) list the following languages of South America as unclassified, many of which are extinct.[1] Many of these languages listed by Campbell & Grondona (2012) were drawn from Loukotka (1968)[2] and Adelaar & Muysken (2004).[3] The majority are not, or are no longer, listed in Ethnologue. The languages below are listed in alphabetical order.

Some of the greater families of South America: dark spots are language isolates or quasi-isolate, grey spots unclassified languages or languages with doubtful classification.
  1. Aarufi – Colombia
  2. Aburuñe – Bolivia
  3. Acarapi – Brazil
  4. Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known
  5. Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru
  6. Alarua – Brazil
  7. Alon – Peru
  8. Amasifuin – Peru
  9. Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil
  10. Amoeca – Brazil
  11. Amuimo – Brazil
  12. Anetine – Bolivia
  13. Angara – Peru
  14. Anicun – Brazil
  15. Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia
  16. Aparea – Argentina
  17. Apitupá – Brazil
  18. Apiyipán – Bolivia
  19. Aracadaini – Brazil
  20. Arae – Brazil
  21. Aramayu – Brazil
  22. Aramurú – Brazil
  23. Arapoá – Brazil
  24. Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil
  25. Ararau – Brazil
  26. Arda – Peru
  27. Arma-Pozo – Colombia
  28. Aroásene – Brazil
  29. Artane – Bolivia
  30. Atavila – Peru
  31. Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil
  32. Atunceta – Colombia
  33. Aueiko – Brazil
  34. Avis – Brazil
  35. Axata Darpa – Paraguay
  36. Ayacore – Peru
  37. Bagua – Peru; only 3 words known
  38. Baixóta – Brazil
  39. Bakurönchichi – Brazil
  40. Bauá – Brazil
  41. Bikutiakap – Brazil
  42. Bixarenren – Brazil
  43. Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil
  44. Bolona – Ecuador
  45. Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru
  46. Buritiguara – Brazil
  47. Caapina – Brazil
  48. Cachipuna – Peru
  49. Cafuana – Brazil
  50. Cagua – Colombia
  51. Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina
  52. Cahan – Brazil
  53. Cajamarca – Peru
  54. Cajatambo – Peru
  55. Camana (Maje) – Peru
  56. Camaraxo – Brazil
  57. Camaré – Brazil
  58. Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed
  59. Canelo – Ecuador
  60. Cañacure – Bolivia
  61. Capueni – Brazil
  62. Capua – Brazil
  63. Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan
  64. Carabayo (Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa")
  65. Caraguata – Brazil
  66. Carapacho – Peru
  67. Carára – Brazil
  68. Carari – Brazil
  69. Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil
  70. Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil
  71. Cascoasoa – Peru
  72. Casigara – Brazil
  73. Casota – Argentina
  74. Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil
  75. Cauauri – Brazil
  76. Caucahue – southern Chile
  77. Cauni – Brazil
  78. Caupuna – Brazil
  79. Cavana (Maje) – Peru
  80. Caxago – Brazil
  81. Cayú – Brazil
  82. Ceococe – Brazil
  83. Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru
  84. Chancay – Brazil
  85. Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina
  86. Chedua – Peru
  87. Chicha – Bolivia
  88. Chincha – Peru
  89. Chinchipe – Peru
  90. Chipiajes – Colombia
  91. Chitarero – Colombia
  92. Cholto – Peru
  93. Chongo – Peru
  94. Chono – Ecuador
  95. Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran
  96. Chunanawa – Peru
  97. Churima – Bolivia
  98. Chusco – Peru
  99. Ciaman – Colombia
  100. Cognomona – Peru
  101. Colima – Ecuador; possibly Cariban
  102. Comanahua – Peru
  103. Comaní – Brazil
  104. Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean
  105. Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known
  106. Coritananhó – Brazil
  107. Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia
  108. Culaycha – Argentina
  109. Cumayari – Brazil
  110. Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru
  111. Curanave – Brazil
  112. Curi – Brazil
  113. Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown
  114. Curierano – Brazil
  115. Curizeta – Peru
  116. Curubianan – Brazil
  117. Curumiá – Brazil
  118. Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay
  119. Curuzirari – Brazil
  120. Cutaguá – Brazil
  121. Cutría – Brazil
  122. Cuximiraíba – Brazil
  123. Cuxiuára – Brazil
  124. Damanivá – Brazil
  125. Dawainomol – Paraguay
  126. Demacuri – Brazil
  127. Diaguita (Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca [Pazioca], Pular, Quilme, Yacampis
  128. Divihet – Argentina
  129. Dokoro – Brazil
  130. Duri – Brazil
  131. Egualo – Argentina
  132. Eimi – Peru
  133. Emischata – Argentina
  134. Envuelo – Colombia
  135. Erema – Brazil
  136. Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State
  137. Foklása – Brazil
  138. Gadio – Brazil
  139. Galache – Brazil
  140. Gambéla – Brazil
  141. Gorgotoqui – Bolivia
  142. Goyana – Brazil
  143. Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia
  144. Guacará – Argentina
  145. Guadaxo – Brazil
  146. Guaimute – Brazil
  147. Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia
  148. Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan)
  149. Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  150. Guanarú – Brazil
  151. Guanavena – Brazil
  152. Guarino – Brazil
  153. Guenta – Colombia
  154. Guyarabe – Brazil
  155. Hacaritama – Colombia
  156. Harritiahan – Brazil
  157. Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil
  158. Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group
  159. Huacavilca – Ecuador; extinct
  160. Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco
  161. Huayana – Peru
  162. Huayla – Peru
  163. Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) has proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño
  164. Iapama – Brazil
  165. Ibabi Aniji – Peru
  166. Idabaez – Colombia; only 1 word and a chief's name are known
  167. Imaré – Brazil
  168. Ina – Brazil
  169. Iñajurupé – Brazil
  170. Irra – Colombia
  171. Iruri – Brazil
  172. Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil
  173. Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil
  174. Itipuna – Brazil
  175. Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil
  176. Jacariá – Brazil
  177. Jaguanai – Brazil
  178. Jaguanan – Brazil
  179. Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  180. Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil
  181. Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  182. Jurema – Brazil
  183. Juruena – Brazil
  184. Jururu – Brazil
  185. Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct
  186. Kamba (Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct
  187. Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct
  188. Kantaruré – Brazil
  189. Kapinawá – Brazil; extinct
  190. Karahawyana – Brazil; possibly Cariban
  191. Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil
  192. Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil
  193. Kohoroxitari – possibly Tocanoan; may be the same as Baniwa
  194. Kokakôre – Brazil
  195. Komokare – Brazil
  196. Korubo (Caceteiros) – Brazil; possibly Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi [Yanomaman]
  197. Koshurái – Brazil
  198. Kururu – Brazil
  199. Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  200. Lambi – Brazil
  201. Lili – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  202. Llamish – Peru
  203. Macamasu – Brazil
  204. Macarú – Brazil
  205. Macuani – Brazil
  206. Macuaré – Brazil
  207. Macuja – Brazil
  208. Macuruné – Brazil
  209. Mairajiqui – Brazil
  210. Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data
  211. Malibú – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  212. Malquesi – Paraguay
  213. Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia
  214. Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known
  215. Maracano – Brazil
  216. Marapaña – Brazil
  217. Maricoxi – Brazil
  218. Maricupi – Brazil
  219. Maripá – Brazil
  220. Maruquevene – Brazil
  221. Masa – Argentina
  222. Masarari – Brazil
  223. Masaya – Colombia
  224. Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan)
  225. Matará – Argentina
  226. Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi
  227. Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia
  228. Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan); mayu is the Quechuan word for 'river, water'
  229. Menejou – Brazil
  230. Minhahá – Brazil
  231. Miarrã – Brazil
  232. Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known
  233. Moheyana – Brazil
  234. Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  235. Moriquito – Brazil
  236. Morua – Brazil
  237. Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru
  238. Muriva – Brazil
  239. Muzapa – Peru
  240. Muzo – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known
  241. Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct
  242. Nacai – Brazil
  243. Nambu – Bolivia
  244. Nauna – Brazil
  245. Nindaso – Peru
  246. Nocadeth – Brazil
  247. Nomona – Peru
  248. Ñumasiara – Brazil
  249. Ocra – Peru
  250. Ocren – Brazil
  251. Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma
  252. Oivaneca – Brazil
  253. Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura
  254. Onicoré – Brazil
  255. Onoyóro – Brazil
  256. Orí – Brazil
  257. Ortue – Bolivia
  258. Otecua – Peru
  259. Otegua – Colombia
  260. Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422)
  261. Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data
  262. Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil
  263. Pacimonari – Venezuela
  264. Paguara – Brazil
  265. Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan
  266. Panche – Colombia; possibly Cariban
  267. Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct
  268. Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia
  269. Pao – Venezuela
  270. Papamiän – Brazil
  271. Papana – Brazil
  272. Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?)
  273. Paragoaru – Brazil?
  274. Paraparixana – Brazil
  275. Parapicó – Brazil
  276. Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban
  277. Patiti – Brazil
  278. Payacú – Brazil
  279. Payanso – Peru
  280. Pehuenche (Peguenche) – Argentina
  281. Peria (Poria) – Brazil
  282. Perovosan – Bolivia
  283. Piapia – Brazil
  284. Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia
  285. Pipipan – Brazil
  286. Pocoana – Brazil
  287. Porcá – Brazil
  288. Porú (Procáze) – Brazil
  289. Pubenza – Colombia
  290. Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador
  291. Puquina – Peru, Bolivia, Chile
  292. Quelosi – Argentina
  293. Querandí (Carendie) – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne
  294. Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru
  295. Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known
  296. Quillacinga (Quillasinga) – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy (Chibchan); Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa (speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga
  297. Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 1 word is known
  298. Quimbioá – Brazil
  299. Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia
  300. Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found
  301. Qurigmã – Brazil
  302. Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan)
  303. Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil
  304. Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known
  305. Sacosi – Bolivia
  306. Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil
  307. Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data to justify this.
  308. Sapeiné – Peru
  309. Seden – Brazil
  310. Siberi – Bolivia
  311. Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay
  312. Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  313. Sipisipi – Peru
  314. Socorino – Bolivia
  315. Stanatevogyet – Paraguay
  316. Supuselo – Argentina
  317. Surucosi – Bolivia
  318. Suruim – Brazil
  319. Tacunbiacu – Bolivia
  320. Taguaylen – Argentina
  321. Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil
  322. Taluhet – Argentina
  323. Tamacosi – Bolivia
  324. Tamaní – Colombia
  325. Tamaquéu – Brazil
  326. Tamararé – Brazil
  327. Tambaruré – Brazil
  328. Taminani – Brazil
  329. Tanquihua – Peru
  330. Tapacurá – Brazil
  331. Tapeba – Brazil
  332. Tapuisú – Brazil
  333. Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil
  334. Tarimoxi – Brazil
  335. Taripio – Brazil, Suriname
  336. Tavúri – Brazil
  337. Tchagoyána – Brazil
  338. Tchicoyna – Brazil
  339. Tegua – Colombia
  340. Tepqui – Peru
  341. Tevircacap – Brazil
  342. Tiboi – Bolivia
  343. Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan)
  344. Tingán – Peru
  345. Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató
  346. Tobachana – Brazil
  347. Tohazana – Venezuela
  348. Tomata – Bolivia
  349. Tomina – Bolivia
  350. Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region
  351. Tororí – Brazil
  352. Truká – Brazil
  353. Tremembé (Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil
  354. Tubichaminí
  355. Tucumanduba – Brazil
  356. Tulumayo – Peru
  357. Tupijó – Brazil
  358. Tupiokón – Brazil
  359. Tutura – Bolivia
  360. Uairua – Brazil
  361. Uauarate – Brazil
  362. Uranaju – Brazil
  363. Urucuai – Brazil
  364. Uruma – Brazil
  365. Uru-Pa-In – Brazil
  366. Urupuca – Brazil
  367. Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso
  368. Vanherei – Brazil
  369. Vouve – Brazil
  370. Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri
  371. Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil
  372. Walêcoxô – Brazil
  373. Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil
  374. Wau – Peru
  375. Xaquese – Bolivia
  376. Xaray – Bolivia
  377. Xibata – Brazil
  378. Xipará – Brazil
  379. Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro
  380. Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz
  381. Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  382. Yamesí – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  383. Yampará – Bolivia
  384. Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay
  385. Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto[an]
  386. Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data
  387. Yauei – Brazil
  388. Yenmu – Colombia
  389. Yoemanai – Brazil
  390. Yufiua – Brazil
  391. Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but no data
  392. Zapazo – Peru
  393. Zuana – Brazil
  394. Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru
  395. Zurina – Brazil

Ethnologue [edit]

Ethnologue 17 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified:

References [edit]

  1. ^ Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. Classification of South American Indian Languages Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA.
  3. ^ Adelaar, Willem F.H., and Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

See also [edit]

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