List of wars by death toll
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This list of wars by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers usually include both the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/ war-related deaths of civilians, which are the results of war induced epidemics, diseases, famines, atrocities etc. The list includes wars with at least 1,000 fatalities. This is an incomplete list of wars (an estimated 3,010 wars have taken place in recorded human history).[1]
- 60,000,000–78,000,000 – World War II (1939–1945), (see World War II casualties)[2][3]
- 30,000,000–60,000,000 – Mongol conquests (1206-1324)[4][5][6][7]
- 25,000,000 – Qing dynasty conquest of Ming dynasty (1616–1662)[8]
- 20,000,000-100,000,000 – Taiping Rebellion (China, 1850–1864)[9]
- 20,000,000 – World War I (1914–1918) (see World War I casualties)[10]
- 16,000,000 – White Lotus Rebellion (China, 1794-1804)
- 13,000,000 - An Lushan Rebellion (China, 755–763)[11]
- 10,000,000 – Era of Warring States (China, 475 BCE–221 BCE)
- 10,000,000 - Red Eyebrows Rebellion (9-24)
- 8,000,000–12,000,000 – Dungan revolt (China, 1862 –1877)
- 7,000,000–20,000,000 – Conquests of Tamerlane (1370–1405)[12][13]
- 7,000,000 - Reconquista (790-1300)
- 5,000,000–9,000,000 – Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention (1917–1922)[14]
- 5,000,000 - Conquests of Aurangzeb (1681-1707)
- 5,000,000 - Gothic War (535–554) (535-554)
- 5,000,000 – Conquests of Menelik II of Ethiopia (1882–1898)[15][16]
- 4,000,000 - Three Kingdoms War in Ancient China (189-280)
- 3,500,000–6,000,000 – Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) (see Napoleonic Wars casualties)
- 3,000,000–11,500,000 – Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)[17]
- 3,000,000–7,000,000 – Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–205)
- 3,000,000 - Second Northern War (1655-1660)
- 3,000,000 - French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
- 3,000,000 - Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
- 2,500,000–5,400,000 – Second Congo War (1998–2003)[18][19][20][21]
- 2,500,000–4,000,000 – Hunnic Invasion (408–469)
- 2,500,000 – Russian–Circassian War (1763–1864)
- 2,000,000–4,000,000 – Huguenot Wars[22]
- 2,000,000 - French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
- 2,000,000 - Crusades (1096-1272)
- 2,000,000 – Shaka's conquests (1816–1828)[23]
- 2,000,000 - Fang La Rebellion (1120-1122)
- 1,405,111-2,084,468 – Afghan Civil War (Afghanistan, 1979–)
- 957,865-1,622,865 – Soviet intervention (1979–1989)[24][25][26]
- 400,000 – Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–92), Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96) and Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) (1989-2001)[27]
- 47,246—61,603 — War in Afghanistan (2001–)[28]
- 1,300,000–6,100,000 – Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) NOTE: this figure excludes Second Sino-Japanese War fatalities (part of World War II)
- 300,000–3,100,000 – (1927-1937)
- 1,000,000–3,000,000 – (1945-1949)
- 1,200,000 – Korean War (1950–1953)[29]
- 1,000,000-3,000,000 - Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970)
- 1,000,000–2,000,000 – Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)[30]
- 1,000,000 - War in Venezuela (1830-1903)
- 1,000,000 - Sino–Tibetan War (1930-1932)
- 1,000,000 - First Indochina War (1946-1954)
- 1,000,000 - Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)
- 1,000,000 – Gallic Wars (58 BCE–52 BCE)
- 1,000,000 – Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)[31]
- 1,000,000 – Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)[32]
- 1,000,000 – Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
- 1,000,000 – Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873)
- 1,000,000 – Nien Rebellion (1853–1868)
- 900,000–1,000,000 – Mozambican Civil War (1975–1994)
- 868,000–1,400,000 – Seven Years' War (1756–1763)[33][34]
- 868,000 – English Civil War (1642–1651)
- 800,000–1,000,000 – Rwandan Civil War (1990–1993)
- 800,000 – First Congo War (1996–1997)
- 791,000-1,141,000 – Vietnam War[35]
- 750,000 – American Civil War (1861–1865)[36]
- 600,000 - Colombian conflict (1964–present)[37]
- 580,000 – Bar Kokhba’s revolt (Third Jewish-Roman War) (132–135CE)
- 570,000 – Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991)
- 550,000 – Somali Civil War (1988–)
- 500,000–1,000,000 – Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
- 500,000+ – Assyrian wars of conquest (8th–7th Century BCE)
- 500,000 - First Sudanese Civil War (1955 - 1972)
- 500,000 – Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
- 500,000 – Ugandan Bush War (1979–1986)
- 440,000+ – Kitos War (115-117)
- 400,000–1,100,000 – First Jewish–Roman War (see List of Roman wars)
- 400,000–1,000,000 – Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
- 400,000 – War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
- 371,000 – Continuation War (1941–1944)
- 350,000 – Third Northern War (1700–1721)[38]
- 315,000–735,000 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651)[39]
- 300,000–3,000,000[40] – Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
- 300,000 – Frist Burundian Civil War (1972)
- 300,000 – Second Burundian Civil War (1993-2005)[41]
- 300,000 – War in Darfur (2003 - 2009)
- 285,000 - Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1936)
- 270,000–300,000 – Crimean War (1854–1856)
- 234,000 – Philippine–American War (1899–1912)[42]
- 230,000–2,000,000 – Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)
- 230,000–1,400,000 – Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)
- 224,000 – Balkan Wars, includes both wars (1912–1913)
- 220,000 – First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996)[43]
- 210,000 - Internal conflict in Burma (1948-)
- 200,000–1,000,000[44][45] – Albigensian Crusade (1208–1259)
- 200,000–800,000 – Warlord Era in China (1916–1928)
- 200,000—500,000 — Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987- )[46]
- 200,000–400,000 – Politionele acties (Indonesian war of independence) (1945–1949)
- 200,000–220,000 – Arauco War (1536–1883)
- 200,000 – Second Punic War (218 BCE–204 BCE) (see List of Roman battles)
- 200,000 – Sierra Leone Civil War (1992–2001)
- 200,000 – Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)[47][48]
- 200,000 – Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)
- 190,000 – Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
- 180,000–300,000 – La Violencia (1948–1960)
- 176,913—1,033,000 – Iraq War (2003–2011)[28][49]
- 175,300 - Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1977-1989)
- 170,500–873,000 – Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)
- 170,000-200,000 - War in the Vendée (1793-1796)
- 170,000 – Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)
- 150,000 - 300,000 - Second Liberian Civil War (1999-2003)
- 150,000–170,000 – Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
- 150,000 – North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)
- 150,000 – Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
- 148,000–1,000,000 – Winter War (1939)
- 140,203 - Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
- 138,800-320,100 - Iraqi–Kurdish conflict[50][51]
- 125,000 – Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
- 120,000–384,000 – Great Turkish War (1683–1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars)
- 120,000 - Islamic insurgency in the Philippines (1969 - )[52]
- 120,000 – Third Servile War (73 BCE–71 BCE)
- 116,000+ – Yugoslav Wars 1991–1995
- 115,311 - Arab-Israeli conflict (1920-)[53]
- 104,000 - Bosnian War (1992–1995)[54][55]
- 100,500 – Chaco War (1932–1935)
- 100,000–1,000,000 – Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)
- 100,000–1,000,000 – War of the two brothers (1531–1532)
- 100,000–400,000 – Western New Guinea (1984– ) (see Genocide in West Papua)
- 100,000–200,000 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor (1975–1978)
- 100,000-200,000 - Congo Crisis (1960-1965)
- 100,000 - Insurgency in Laos (1975 - 2007)[56]
- 100,000 – Harrying of the North (1069–1070)
- 100,000 – Thousand Days War (1899–1902)
- 100,000 – German Peasants' War (1524–1525)[57]
- 90,969 - Mahdist War (1881-1889)
- 86,391+ - Mexican Drug War (2006 - )[58][59]
- 85,000-235,000 - 1991 uprisings in Iraq (1991)[60][61][62]
- 80,000 – Syrian civil war (2011–)[63]
- 80,000 – Third Punic War (149 BCE–146 BCE)
- 75,000–200,000 – Conquests of Alexander the Great (336 BCE–323 BCE)
- 75,000 – El Salvador Civil War (1980–1992)
- 75,000 – Second Boer War (1899–1902)
- 70,000–400,000 – Greco-Turkish War, part of the Turkish War of Independence
- 70,000 – Boudica's uprising (60–61)
- 69,000 – Internal conflict in Peru (1980– )
- 60,000–432,000 Turkish-Armenian War, part of the Turkish War of Independence
- 60,000 – Sri Lanka/Tamil conflict (1983–2009)
- 60,000 - Ituri conflict (1999-2007)[64]
- 60,000 – Nicaraguan Revolution (1972–91)
- 55,000 – War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
- 54,402 - 74,402 - Second Chechen War (1999 - 2009)
- 50,000–200,000 – First Chechen War (1994–1996)
- 50,000–100,000 – Tajikistan Civil War (1992–1997)
- 50,000–100,000 – Prussian Crusade (13th Century)
- 50,400 - Second Matabele War (1896-1897)
- 50,000 – Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) (see Wars involving England)
- 45,852 — 78,946 — War in North-West Pakistan (2004- )[28]
- 45,000 – 50,000 – American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
- 45,000 – Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1979-2013)[65]
- 45,000 – Greek Civil War (1945–1949)
- 43,388 - Communist insurgency in the Philippines (1942-)
- 41,000–100,000 – Kashmiri insurgency (1989–)
- 40,000 – Franco-Turkish War, part of the Turkish War of Independence
- 40,000–57,000 – Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)
- 36,000 – Finnish Civil War (1918)
- 35,000–40,000 – War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
- 35,000–45,000 – Siege of Malta (1565) (see Ottoman wars in Europe)
- 34,000 - Iranian-Kurdish conflict (1918-)[66]
- 34,000 - Ethnic conflict in Nagaland (1954-)[67]
- 32,000 - First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895-1896)
- 30,000 – Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
- 30,000 – Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
- 28,000 – First Lebanon War (1982), part of the Lebanese Civil War
- 26,278 - Satsuma Rebellion (1877)
- 25,000 - Insurgency in Northeast India (1964-)[68]
- 25,000 – 30,000 – Libyan civil war (2011)
- 25,000 - Shia insurgency in Yemen (2004 - )[69]
- 23,384 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (December 1971)
- 23,000 – Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)
- 21,100 - Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912)
- 20,136 - Musket Wars (1807-1842)
- 20,000+ – War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) (1992–1993)
- 20,000 - Farroupilha Revolution (1835-1845)[70]
- 19,000+ – Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
- 18,806 - Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895) (1895)
- 17,800 - 74,000 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848-1849)
- 17,200 - First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)[71]
- 16,765 - 17,065 - Balochistan conflict (1948 - )[72][73][74]
- 15,000–20,000 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
- 15,000 - Nigerian Sharia conflict (1953 - )[75][76][77]
- 14,850 - Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)
- 14,400–24,400 – 1948 Palestine War (1947–1949)
- 14,077 - Mau Mau Uprising (1952-1960)
- 14,000–24,483 – Six-Day War (1967)
- 14,000 - 21,000 - Western Sahara conflict (1970-)
- 13,929 - Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-1999)[78]
- 13,812 - Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967-)[79][80]
- 13,000-25,000 - Austro-Prussian War (1866)
- 13,000 – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
- 13,000 - Ottoman–Saudi War (1811-1818)
- 11,053 – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
- 11,000 – Spanish-American War (1898)
- 10,800-13,400 - Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
- 10,000–21,000 – Yom Kippur War (1973)
- 10,100 - First Matabele War (1893-1894)
- 10,000 – Amadu's Jihad (1810–1818)
- 10,000 - Nazi Germany invasion of Czechoslovakia (1938)
- 8,500 - Insurgency in Ogaden (1995 - 2008)
- 8,500 – Toyota War (1986–87) part of the Chadian-Libyan conflict
- 8,000 - Unification of Saudi Arabia (1902-1932)
- 8,000 – War of the Confederation (1836–1839)
- 7,264–10,000 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (August–September 1965)
- 7,000–24,000 – American War of 1812 (1812–1815)
- 7,000–10,000 – 1994 civil war in Yemen (1994)
- 6,083 — Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) (2011- )[81]
- 6,000 - Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002 - )[82]
- 5,641 - Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009 - )[83][84]
- 5,573–13,521 – War of Attrition (1967–70)
- 5,469 - South Thailand insurgency (2004 - )[85]
- 5,000–12,000 – South Yemen Civil War (1986)
- 5,000 – 6,000 – Brazilian War of Independence (1822–1823)
- 5,000 - Casamance conflict[86]
- 5,000 – Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974)
- 5,000 - Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891)[87]
- 5,000 – Franco-Syrian War (1919–1921)
- 4,812-5,279 - Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–20) (1918-1920)
- 4,600 – Sino-Indian War (1962)
- 4,000 - 10,000 Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004 - )[88]
- 4,000 – Irish Civil War (1922–23)
- 4,000 - Boshin War (1868-1869)
- 4,000 - Kumul Rebellion (1931-1934)
- 3,800 - Albanian Rebellion of 1997 (1997)
- 3,781 – War of the Camps (1985–1988), part of the Lebanese Civil War
- 3,699 - Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992-)[89]
- 3,533 - Dominican Civil War (1965)
- 3,529 - The Troubles (1969 - 1998)[90]
- 3,461 - Northern Mali conflict (2012 - )
- 3,400–10,000 Jordanian-Palestinian Civil War
- 3,250 - Constitutionalist Revolution (1932)
- 3,203 – Suez War (1956)
- 3,000 - Second Ivorian Civil War (2010 - 2011)[91]
- 3,000 – Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire (2002–2007)
- 2,899 – New Zealand Land Wars (1845–1872)
- 2,751 - Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)[92]
- 2,604–7,000 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (1947–1948)
- 2,557 - Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (20011 - )[93][94][95]
- 2,300+ – Saudi-Rashidi War (1903–1907)
- 2,198 - Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009-)[96][97][98][99][100]
- 2,100 – Saudi-Yemeni War (1934)
- 2,000–7,000 – Kosovo War (1998–1999)
- 2,000-3,000 - Xinjiang conflict (1989-)
- 2,000 - 2011 Yemeni Revolution (2011 - 2012)
- 2,000 - Six-Day War (2000) (2000)[101]
- 2,000 – Football War (1969)
- 2,000 - Costa Rican Civil War (1948)
- 2,000 - 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010)[102][103][104]
- 2,000 – Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
- 2,000 – Uganda–Tanzania war (1978–79)
- 2,000 - Bissau-Guinean Civil War (1998-1999)
- 2,000 – Turko-Cypriot War (1974)
- 1,724 – War of Lapland (1945)
- 1,643-2,237 - War of Transnistria (1992)[105][106][107][108]
- 1,600 – Mountain War (Lebanon) (1983–1984), part of the Lebanese Civil War
- 1,554 - South Yemen insurgency (2009 - )[109][110]
- 1,500 – Romanian Revolution (1989)
- 1,500 – Second Lebanon War (2006)
- 1,400 - 1999 East Timorese crisis (1999-2000)
- 1,371-1,397 - 2011–present Libyan factional fighting (2011-)
- 1,310-2,026 - Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005-2010)
- 1,229 - Basque conflict (1959-2011)[111]
- 1,227-5,600 - Kargil War (1999)[112][113][114][115]
- 1,179–1,430 – Gaza War (2008–09)
- 1,000-1,500 - Cabinda conflict (1994 - )[116]
- 1,000 – Zapatista uprising in Chiapas (1994)
- 1,000 – Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821)
- 1,000 - Italian invasion of Albania (1939)
- 1,000 - 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991-1992)[117]
See also [edit]
- War: Ten largest wars (by death toll)
- Lists of wars
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- List of ongoing military conflicts
- List of genocides by death toll
References [edit]
- ^ http://www.vency.com/wars.html
- ^ Wallinsky, David: David Wallechinsky's Twentieth Century : History With the Boring Parts Left Out, Little Brown & Co., 1996, ISBN 0-316-92056-8, ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8 – cited by White
- ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew: Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century, Prentice Hall & IBD, 1994, ASIN B000O8PVJI – cited by White
- ^ Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.
- ^ "Mongol Conquests". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review". Findarticles.com. 1987. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
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- ^ McFarlane, Alan: The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0-631-18117-2, ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0 – cited by White
- ^ "Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise". Concise.britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ Michael Duffy (2009-08-22). "Military Casualties of World War One". Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ Matthew's White's website (a compilation of scholarly estimates) -Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities
- ^ "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Oromo Identity". Americanchronicle.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Glories and Agonies of the Ethiopian past". Ifeas.uni-mainz.de. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ The Thirty Years War (1618–48)
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- ^ James Astill in Bukavu and Isabelle Chevallot (2003-04-08). "Conflict in Congo has killed 4.7m, charity says". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ Come Back, Colonialism, All is Forgiven
- ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population (2005) 21: 145–166.
- ^ Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)
- ^ Shaka: Zulu Chieftain
- ^ http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=k86jifnA3oYC&pg=PA5&dq=osprey+russia+afghanistan&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Hz5NzJtg48kC&pg=PA115&dq=soviet+afghan+war+safronov&hl=en#v=onepage&q=soviet%20afghan%20war%20safronov&f=false
- ^ http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf
- ^ Baldauf, Scott, "Life under Taliban cuts two ways", The Christian Science Monitor, September 20, 2001.
- ^ a b c http://costsofwar.org/sites/default/files/HMCHART_2.pdf
- ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population (2005) 21: 145–166.
- ^ Missing Millions: The human cost of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1921
- ^ Timeline: Iraq
- ^ Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 254
- ^ Clodfelter, cited by White
- ^ Urlanis, cited by White
- ^ Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
- ^ The Deadliest War
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/12/201212364453792578.html
- ^ Northern War (1700–21)
- ^ The curse of Cromwell
- ^ Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7354005.stm
- ^ John M. Gates, “War-Related Deaths in the Philippines”, Pacific Historical Review , v. 53, No. 3 (August, 1984), 367–378.
- ^ http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/massacre.html
- ^ Albigensian Crusade (1208–49)
- ^ Massacre of the Pure, Time, April 28, 1961
- ^ http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/uganda-1987-2010/#Deaths
- ^ Attacks raise spectre of civil war
- ^ Journalists in Algeria are caught in middle
- ^ http://www.zcommunications.org/more-than-1-000-000-iraqis-murdered-since-2003-invasion-by-orb
- ^ http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat4.htm
- ^ http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf
- ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf
- ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/casualtiestotal.html
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/bih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdf
- ^ http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1D.GIF
- ^ Peasants' War, Germany (1524–25)
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/calderon-finishes-his-six-year-drug-war-at-stalemate/2012/11/26/82c90a94-31eb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story_1.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/03/201333042622382309.html
- ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/05/world/fg-graves5
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/22/iraq.ianblack
- ^ http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm
- ^ http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/05/15/syria-crisis-un-deaths-idINDEE94E0CJ20130515
- ^ http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6158331.stm
- ^ http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/74132-erdogan-rules-out-amnesty-for-kurdish-rebels
- ^ http://www1.american.edu/cgp/pdf/hicks.pdf
- ^ http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/index1950.htm
- ^ http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/death_tolls.pdf
- ^ http://books.google.nl/books?id=Sj81Eaxz-2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Regime+and+Periphery+in+Northern+Yemen:+The+Huthi+Phenomenon&hl=nl#v=onepage&q=25%2C000&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.cl/books?id=s50JnG7BzLAC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0012)
- ^ http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm
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