U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky

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U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
A red background encompasses most of the shot. In the lower left corner is a shadowy silhouette from the side of a man crouching down, holding a microphone to his mouth and a flag into the air. Written in grey text in the upper right corner are the words "U2 – Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky".
Video by U2
Released 8 July 1983 (radio broadcast)
May 1984 (home video)
Recorded 5 June 1983, Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Morrison, Colorado
Genre Rock, post-punk
Length 55 min
82 min (2008 edition)
Label Island
Director Gavin Taylor
Producer Rick Wurpel, Doug Stewart
U2 video chronology
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
(1983)		 The Unforgettable Fire Collection
(1985)

U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky (also known simply as U2 Live at Red Rocks or Under a Blood Red Sky) is a concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, United States on the group's War Tour. Originally released in 1984 on videocassette, U2 Live at Red Rocks was the band's first video release. It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky, on which two tracks from the film appear. The video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart.

The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the band's live act and promote them to American audiences. It depicts the band's performance at Red Rocks on a rain-soaked evening. The weather threatened to cancel the concert, but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey and wished to proceed with the gig. The rain and the torch-lit natural beauty of the surroundings combined to dramatise U2's performance. Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in regular rotation on MTV, in addition to broadcasts on other television networks.

Critics praised the concert and the video, and it subsequently became a best-seller. The video, along with Under a Blood Red Sky, helped establish U2's reputation as remarkable live performers, and it boosted Red Rocks' stature as a live venue in the US. A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008, featuring previously unreleased tracks. This coincided with a remastered edition of Under a Blood Red Sky. Rolling Stone selected the film's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" as one of the "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll".

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Planning and pre-production

In 1981, U2 were on their Boy Tour promoting their debut album, Boy. Following their 11 May concert at Rainbow Music Hall in Denver, concert promoter Chuck Morris took the band to Red Rocks Amphitheatre, a natural amphitheatre located between sandstone cliffs in the Rocky Mountains.[1][2][3] Bassist Adam Clayton recalled, "From the moment we saw it, we were thinking, 'Some day we will play here'. It was very photogenic."[1] U2 manager Paul McGuinness had long wanted to film the group for a concert video to highlight their success as a live act, and to promote them to American audiences still unfamiliar with them.[4] Concert promoter Barry Fey, who presented U2's shows in the Southwestern United States, successfully lobbied for Red Rocks as the filming location.[4]

A shot of an outdoor amphitheater taken at dusk, looking down towards a brightly-lit stage. Large red clifs are visible in the background, sloping down to the right. A large audience is present.
Red Rocks Amphitheatre, the site of the concert's filming, pictured in 2006. Planning difficulties, as well as inclement weather on the day of the concert, threatened the filming.

In early 1983, McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie, producer of the British TV series The Tube, about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks, and possibly featuring it on an episode of The Tube. Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a single song; however, McGuinness was hoping to create an hour-long special. Because The Tube was not a "one-band show", Gerrie said he would have to sell the idea to Channel 4, but McGuinness insisted on giving Gerrie the rights to the video and letting Channel 4 broadcast the video for free.[5]

By mid-1983, as U2 toured the United States on their War Tour, the group had filled venues of similar capacity to Red Rocks. A concert, sponsored by Coca-Cola, KWGN-TV, and radio station KAZY, was scheduled at Red Rocks for 5 June 1983; tickets were sold for US$9.50.[6] Filming costs were estimated at $250,000, which included the illumination of the cliffs, a mobile sound recording unit, and a helicopter to film aerial footage.[6] U2 invested $30,000 in the project, with additional investments made by Fey and Island Records.[1] A joint production company called "U2 at Red Rocks Associates" was subsequently established to fund the project, with the three parties splitting costs and sharing profits from television rights and video sales. The radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source.[6]

Sound mixing was managed by Steve Lillywhite, who produced U2's first three studio albums. Randy Ezratty's portable 24-track recording system, Effanel Music, was used because a conventional mobile recording studio could not be moved close enough to the stage.[7] Fey's corporation, Feyline Productions, coordinated with their production company, TTS, to manage the videotaping.[3][8] Director Gavin Taylor and producer Gerrie of The Tube were selected as director and production associate, respectively. At the time, Taylor had never travelled to the United States, nor had he filmed a major outdoor rock concert.[9] Local producers Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart were also on the staff. Taylor's and McGuinness' original plans were to feature the video on The Tube, but unions objected to their limited representation on the concert crew. A compromise was reached that allowed 15 minutes of the concert to be broadcast on The Tube.[4]

[edit] Weather challenges and preparations

"There was a lot of money riding on this; everything that was in the bank, basically. We were well organised, camera crews all over the gig. We brought extra lighting, searchlights, all kinds of stuff. And then it started to rain. Those were nail-biting times. Many of the crew were advising us to pull out, but in true U2 style, we carried on regardless."

—Larry Mullen, Jr.[10]

Poor weather on the day of the Red Rocks performance threatened to cancel the show.[11] Torrential rain soaked the area, and flash flood warnings were issued.[3] The weather made it difficult for the crew members to transport the band's gear and video equipment through the mountains to the amphitheater.[12] The conditions also posed many technical problems for the filming and concert crews,[4] which hampered stage construction and endangered the safety of those setting up lighting and sound equipment.[6] Crew members used squeegees to keep rain away from the wires.[3] The fans that attended had to hike through the Rocky Mountains in the rain. Approximately 15–20 fans were already camped out in the venue's front rows early in the morning, and lead vocalist Bono accommodated them by serving coffee and tea.[2] The Alarm and Divinyls cancelled their opening sets for safety reasons,[13] and many fans thought the entire concert had been cancelled. The show was scheduled for 6 pm, and the band had until 1 pm to decide whether to move the concert elsewhere or risk the weather worsening, which could necessitate a cancellation.[3]

U2, their crew, and McGuinness thought that too much money had been invested to abort, and sympathised with the fans that had travelled to the venue in the poor weather; they decided to proceed with the concert as planned.[1][4] Bono informed the fans waiting outside the venue that the show would be general admission, and told everyone to get as close to the stage as possible, regardless of the seating assignment on their ticket.[12] Fey wanted to cancel the show but was flying from California when the decision was made to continue.[2][11] After arriving in Denver, Fey called the amphitheatre to ask to where the concert was being moved, unaware that the band had decided to proceed with the show.[2][3] Guitarist The Edge recalls that when Fey learned of the group's decision, he "could not believe it. I don't think he'd ever heard anything quite so crazy in his life, going on with an outdoor show in the worst kind of weather, rain and wind in the mountains. He thought we'd lost our minds completely."[1] Bono went on the radio that day to confirm the Red Rocks concert was continuing, and to promote a second concert that the band planned for the following night at the CU Events Center to make up for fans who were unable to attend the Red Rocks show.[2][11] Clayton recalls the band doing radio interviews, saying, "We know it's raining now but we're sure it won't be when the show starts, so please come." Two hours before the concert, the downpour subsided and settled into a misty drizzle.[1] Although the 9,000-person venue had sold out,[6] only about 4,400 fans attended due to the inclement weather.[2][3]

[edit] Filming

A black and white close-up of Bono holding a microphone to his face. Out-of-focus trees are in the background.
Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.

Taylor had a crew of six camera operators, three of whom were chosen from local Denver area cinematographers, with the remaining three brought in by Taylor.[4] Due to the thick fog and heavy rain on the night of the filming, very little of the aerial footage was suitable for the final edit.[9] Although two "master angle" cameras on tripods provided wide and overview shots, most of the camera operators filmed with hand-held cameras.[4] The video cameras used had tubes, which would burn when pointed at lights and create trails in the footage.[9] As a result, much of the concert footage contains red streaks from the cameras being aimed at the venue's lights.[4] A notice was later included on the box of the home video release, informing viewers that the coloured lines in the video "are a result of special lighting effects, and are not caused by a tape defect or your equipment".[14] Taylor had a walkway specially built off the venue's stage to "break down the gap between [Bono] and the audience". This stage allowed Bono to perform closer to the audience, surrounded by fans on three sides.[9]

Before U2 took the stage, Fey introduced the concert by making a reference to Bob Dylan's live album Hard Rain (1976).[6] The concert itself featured 20 songs, with a set list identical to that of several previous shows on the tour.[15] "Out of Control" opened the 16-song main set, which ended with "Gloria", and was followed by a four-song encore that ended the show with "40". Songs from the tour's supporting album War (1983) were played, as was material from U2's first two albums, Boy (1980) and October (1981). "Party Girl", a B-side from the single "A Celebration" (1982), and the non-album single "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" (1980) were played during the encore.[15]

Much of the focus on the venue's attendance was disguised by the thick mist that filled the air that evening,[11] as well as strategic shots of the crowd.[1] The weather was cold enough that steam was coming out of the band's mouths, and The Edge had difficulty playing guitar because his hands felt "frozen stiff". Drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. believes the weather contributed a dramatic atmosphere to the concert.[1]

During "The Electric Co.", Bono left the stage and climbed up a lighting rig to display a white flag.[6] In a 2004 interview, The Edge claimed that Bono "scared the shit out of [him]" by climbing onto the rig; he was worried that Bono would be electrocuted by the live wires in close proximity.[16]

Bono said "good night" to the crowd on nearly a half dozen occasions so that the post-production crew would have several choices of songs with which to end the film.[3] Backstage, the band members were disappointed that the crowd did not initially chant "How long to sing this song?" after the band had left the stage following the final song, "40", as had become a tradition. However, tour manager Dennis Sheehan hid underneath the crowd barrier and began singing into the microphone, without being asked. Eventually, the crowd began to sing; the film was edited to disguise the fact that the singing was organised.[1]

[edit] Release

[edit] Broadcasts and home video

See also: Under a Blood Red Sky
A shot of a concert stage from the back at dusk. On the left, The Edge plays guitar. In the center, Bono, at the edge of the stage, holds up a white flag near audience members, several of whom help him support the flag. In the center of the audience are bright lights aimed in the direction of the performers. Behind the audience are large red cliffs. Red streaks of light are visible throughout the image
The performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday"—selected as one of Rolling Stone's "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.

The concert was first broadcast a month after its recording, on 8, 9, and 10 July 1983, under the title War Is Declared, on NBC's The Source radio programme. The broadcast was sponsored by Budweiser and the United States Army, and was distributed to radio stations on two LP records, which included the full 20-song concert.[17][18] Twelve of the concert's songs were later broadcast on American television network Showtime, while nine songs were broadcast on MTV.[6] The film's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" became the song's music video, with Malcolm Gerrie, Rick Wurpel, and Paul McGuinness credited as producers.[13] In June 1986 the video was one of 10 concert films aired on television stations throughout the U.S. as part of the Coors Concert Series, a series of music specials presented by the Coors Brewing Company and Radio Vision International.[19] Broadcasts of the concert have also been featured on VH1 and various affiliates of the Public Broadcasting Service.[20][21][22][23]

U2 released their live mini-LP Under a Blood Red Sky in November 1983, featuring live songs from the War Tour. Although the title of the album would later be used as the subtitle of the concert video, only two tracks on the album ("Gloria" and "Party Girl") were taken from the Red Rocks concert.[24] The other six live tracks were taken from performances in Boston and West Germany, as U2 felt they were "more developed performances".[25] The video release of the concert was planned as a follow-up to the album. The November 1983 issue of U2 Magazine mentioned the future release of the Red Rocks concert video, and stated that previews of the concert had been shown on Channel 4.[26] The following issue was delayed until February 1984, as the editor had hoped to include details about the video release; there was still no information available, so the editor simply stated that the video "is due out in about a month's time".[27]

U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky was released in May 1984, and was U2's first video release.[28][29] The image of Bono atop the lighting rig during "The Electric Co." was used as the cover of the video, as well as Under a Blood Red Sky.[6][16] The film begins with a brief montage that includes an interview with U2, preparations being made by the concert crew, and reactions by anxious fans. The Clannad song "Theme from Harry's Game", which was played after many of U2's shows at the time, is heard in the film's opening montage and during the end credits.[30] The film's subtitle "Under a Blood Red Sky" was borrowed from the title of the companion live album and itself originates from a lyric in "New Year's Day"; however, this lyric is not sung in the film, as it was changed by Bono to "Under a thundercloud and rain", in reference to the weather conditions.[31]

Universal City Studios owned the rights to the film. MCA Home Video released the movie on VHS and Betamax formats with Dolby Stereo sound, selling it for US$29.95.[32] In August 1986 the video was released through MusicVision, a division of RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, and was sold for a discounted price of US$19.95.[33] A LaserDisc version was released by RCA/Columbia and Image Entertainment in 1988,[34] and the VHS was re-released by Virgin Video and PolyGram in 1987 and 1991, respectively.[35][36]

During the performance of "Cry / The Electric Co.", Bono sang excerpts of Stephen Sondheim's "Send in the Clowns". The band failed to get permission and pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to use the song. Initial pressings of U2 Live at Red Rocks, as well as the accompanying live album (which contains a different performance of the song from August 1983) featured the song with the snippet. U2 were forced to pay US$50,000 in an out-of-court settlement.[37] The initial release of the video was 55 minutes long, and featured 12 songs from the film, plus "Cry / The Electric Co.", which was omitted from the track listing for legal reasons related to the snippet of "Send in the Clowns".[38]

Recordings of "Twilight" and "An Cat Dubh" from the concert were featured on U2's "Sweetest Thing" single in 1998.[39] In 2004, the concert's recording of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" appeared on the compilation album Carved in Stone Vol. 2: Live at Red Rocks, a charity record for the "Preserve the Rocks Fund" to renovate and preserve Red Rocks Park.[40]

[edit] DVD re-release

Following the release of the concert, video and audio bootleg recordings were in circulation, featuring the entirety of the band's performance.[31] In 2005, after Wurpel re-opened his production business, he realised that neither he nor TTS had the master tapes in their inventory. Wurpel feared that the tapes had been lost.[41] He discovered the Denver City Council possessed the tapes among an inventory of 164 recordings.[42] A former employee of Wurpel's, Mary Beth Anderson, had been storing the tapes and intended to dispose of them unless the city was interested.[41] The city had paid her US$3,000 for the storage costs and took possession of the tapes.[41] Legal proceedings subsequently ensued to return the tapes to Wurpel and U2.[42]

Barry Fey later signed paperwork at U2's request for a future DVD release.[31] U2 Live at Red Rocks was re-released on 30 September 2008 on DVD by Interscope Records, Island Records, and Universal Music Enterprises.[29] The "2008 Edition" of the film on DVD was completely remastered, with the audio remastering directed by The Edge. The DVD features several tracks that were previously unreleased, extending the film's length from 55 minutes to 82 minutes. "Cry / The Electric Co." was included in this new release and on the video's track listing, although the performance was edited to remove the "Send in the Clowns" snippet, which was present on the previous videocassette and LaserDisc releases.[11][38] The edit of the song created a continuity error in the video, as the previous versions showed Bono climbing up onto the lighting rig and singing. The new edition removes that sequence; Bono disappears from the stage and is seen on top of the lighting rig in the following shot.[11]

The remastered version also features an edited version of "Two Hearts Beat as One" to remove a snippet of "Let's Twist Again".[11] The only song performed at the concert that is missing from the remastered film is "I Fall Down" (played between "Cry / The Electric Co." and "October"), as a camera malfunction prevented its inclusion.[11] The DVD features a PCM stereo soundtrack, 5.1 surround sound mixes in Dolby Digital and DTS sound, and an audio commentary by director Gavin Taylor.[29] The re-release of the film coincided with the release of a remastered version of its companion live album, Under a Blood Red Sky. These re-releases were available separately, as well as bundled together in a CD/DVD deluxe version.[43] The liner notes for the film re-release were written by music critic Anthony DeCurtis.[24] Remastered versions of U2's first three albums—Boy, October, and War—were released earlier that year, and a box set was exclusively sold at Amazon.com with the three albums, plus an open slot for the deluxe version of Under a Blood Red Sky.[44]

[edit] Reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
The Advertiser 2.5/5 stars[45]
Allmovie 4.5/5 stars[46]
Entertainment Weekly (A−)[47]
Glide Magazine 4/5 stars[48]
The Irish Times 4/5 stars[49]
PopMatters (8/10)[11]
Record Collector 4/5 stars[43]
Rocky Mountain News (A+)[50]
The Sunday Telegraph /
Sunday Herald Sun		 5/5 stars[51][52]
Time Out Chicago 4/5 stars[53]

In November 1984, the video was nominated for the Best Long Form award at Billboard's Video Music Conference, and the performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was nominated for the Best Concert Performance award.[54] When Billboard magazine debuted the Top Music Videocassette chart in their 30 March 1985 issue, U2 Live at Red Rocks was ranked at number seven,[55] and it was listed in the top ten for the remainder of 1985, as well as in 1987.[56][57] In April 1985, almost a year after the initial release, the video appeared on Billboard's Top Videocassette Sales list at number 29. Billboard cited the video's late increase in sales to U2's The Unforgettable Fire Tour, which was completely sold out, referring to it as "a textbook example of a group's current status having a direct influence on video sales".[32]

The concert and the film both received positive reviews from critics. In an overnight review of the show, G. Brown of The Denver Post wrote, "A lot of things had to go so wrong for U2's show at Red Rocks Amphitheater ... to come off so right."[24] Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the film, saying, "The setting lent even more urgency to U2's hypercharged songs about apocalypse, pacifism and existential terror". Pareles noted that "Although there are a few too many exaggerated camera angles, the tape captures U2's earnest intensity."[58] A review in the Philadelphia Daily News described the camerawork as "artful" and praised the concert's visuals, as well as the visuals of the natural surroundings.[59] Perry Seibert of Allmovie gave the film four-and-a-half stars, praising the band's performance and the venue's role in the concert, saying, "the historic Red Rocks venue provides a stirring backdrop for the band's sweeping sound".[46]

Following the release of the DVD in 2008, Record Collector stated that "25 years on, [U2 Live at Red Rocks has] lost none of its power".[43] Andrew Gilstrap of PopMatters gave the remastered version of the film a rating of 8 out of 10, stating, "It's rare that a band can totally transform a scene—especially one with a stage show that boasts charisma as its only special effect—but it's not hyperbole to say that U2 put on a dominating, flawless-despite-mistakes performance. This is the one that put U2 on the map."[11] In their review of the remastered version of Under a Blood Red Sky, online magazine Pitchfork Media said, "when the group performed at Red Rocks on a rainy June night, with lit torches above a panoramic skyline, the venue provided an ideal backdrop for U2's literally flag-waving music, with everything—earth, wind, fire—in place to maximise and heighten the drama of the moment and the songs."[60] James Wigney of The Sunday Telegraph and the Sunday Herald Sun gave the DVD a score of 5 out of 5, praising the film's concert, but stated that "footage is still on the fuzzy side".[51][52] The Advertiser felt the DVD's audio commentary was very informative, but criticised the picture quality, stating "even the remastered version looks like it was shot on a mobile phone".[45]

[edit] Legacy

A man in black attire stands on a concert stage. With his left hand, he is holding a large white flag bearing the text "U2", while holding his right fist in the air. A red cliff is visible behind the stage.
In 2007, the U2 tribute act "Under a Blood Red Sky" reenacted U2's Red Rocks show.

U2 Live at Red Rocks is often cited as a watershed moment in U2's history, one that established their reputation as an exceptional live act.[2] In the liner notes to the remastered version of the film, music journalist Anthony DeCurtis wrote, "this concert set goals for U2 that might have daunted any other young band. But in the shadow of their wild ambitions at Red Rocks, these four boys met, once again, the men of their future, and became who they would become."[24] The band's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" from the film has been cited by Rolling Stone as one of the "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll". The magazine said, "[t]he sight of Bono singing the anti-violence anthem 'Sunday Bloody Sunday' while waving a white flag through crimson mist (created by a combination of wet weather, hot lights and the illumination of those crags) became the defining image of U2's warrior-rock spirit and—shown in heavy rotation on MTV—broke the band nationwide."[16] Director Gavin Taylor said that the video "kick-started their career" and "fired them like a rocket into the sky".[9] In 2009 Relix named U2's performance at Red Rocks the 24th-best concert of all time.[7] The Denver Post said the concert affirmed Red Rocks Amphitheatre's status as a premier outdoor venue.[2] Rocky Mountain News said that the concert was "Easily one of the most famous, acclaimed concerts of the 1980s (if not all time)", and said that people who have visited the Amphitheatre ever since have been disappointed to learn that the pyres are not part of the venue and were only used for the U2 concert.[50] Music biographer Dave Thompson said the concert "transformed U2 ... into a very successful rock band", and that without U2, "Red Rocks would be just another smartly lit amphitheater".[61]

Prior to the recording sessions for the band's 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire, U2 wanted to work with Brian Eno on the album; however, Eno assumed that they were an "uninteresting rock band", and he was not interested in working with the group. He changed his mind after watching the film, and ended up producing The Unforgettable Fire, as well as several other U2 records, alongside his sound engineer Daniel Lanois.[62] These subsequent records include The Joshua Tree, Achtung Baby, and All That You Can't Leave Behind, which are among the band's most successful.[63]

In June 2007 a U2 tribute band named Under a Blood Red Sky performed a note-for-note recreation of U2's performance at Red Rocks. That same week, the City of Denver unsuccessfully attempted to convince U2 to return to Red Rocks.[64] During the PopMart Tour in 1997, Bono stated that he would consider returning to Red Rocks with U2, due to low ticket sales for their Denver concert at Mile High Stadium.[65] In a 2008 interview, Barry Fey said that he had questioned U2 about performing at Red Rocks again, to which they replied, "Absolutely not".[2] On both occasions, Fey responded that U2 could never top their original performance and that returning to Red Rocks would be "foolish" and "a no-win situation" for the group.[2][65]

[edit] Track listing

Original release (1984)[note 1]
No. Title
1. "Surrender"    
2. "Seconds"    
3. "Sunday, Bloody Sunday"    
4. "October"    
5. "New Year's Day"    
6. "I Threw a Brick"    
7. "A Day Without Me"    
8. "Gloria"    
9. "Party Girl"    
10. "11 O'Clock Tick Tock"    
11. "I Will Follow"    
12. "40"    
2008 edition
No. Title
1. "Out of Control"    
2. "Twilight"    
3. "An Cat Dubh" / "Into the Heart"    
4. "Surrender"    
5. "Two Hearts Beat as One"    
6. "Seconds"    
7. "Sunday Bloody Sunday"    
8. "Cry" / "The Electric Co."    
9. "October"    
10. "New Year's Day"    
11. "I Threw a Brick Through a Window"    
12. "A Day Without Me"    
13. "Gloria"    
14. "Party Girl"    
15. "11 O'Clock Tick Tock"    
16. "I Will Follow"    
17. "40"    

[edit] Personnel

U2
Film crew

[edit] References

Notes
  1. ^ "Cry / The Electric Co." was included in the release, but excluded from the track listing for legal issues. "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and "I Threw a Brick Through a Window" were listed as "Sunday, Bloody Sunday" [sic] and "I Threw a Brick", respectively.
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i McCormick 2006, pp. 140, 142–143.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Baca, Ricardo (23 May 2008). "U2 Show Still Echoes at Red Rocks". Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/musicheadlines/ci_9337548. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, Mark (16 April 2005). "U Are There". Rocky Mountain News. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-131576582.html. Retrieved 17 May 2010.  (subscription required)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Taylor, Gavin (director) (2008). U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky (DVD commentary). Interscope Records. B0010981-09. 
  5. ^ Scrimgeour 2004, pp. 248–249.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i de la Parra 2003, pp. 45–47.
  7. ^ a b "50 Greatest Concerts – 1959–2009". Relix. November 2009. 
  8. ^ Asakawa, Gil (4 June 2008). "A Musical Perfect Storm: U2 Live at Red Rocks". nikkeiview.com. http://www.nikkeiview.com/blog/2008/06/04/perfect-storm-u2-live-at-red-rocks-under-a-blood-red-sky/. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  9. ^ a b c d e Scrimgeour 2004, p. 250.
  10. ^ U2 (July 2010). "Stairway to Devon − OK, Somerset!". Q (288): 102. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gilstrap, Andrew (6 November 2008). "U2: Live at Red Rocks". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/u2-live-at-red-rocks. Retrieved 10 November 2008. 
  12. ^ a b McGee 2008, p. 69.
  13. ^ a b Taylor, Gavin (2006). "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (DVD booklet). Release notes for U218 Videos by U2. Interscope Records (B0008081-09).
  14. ^ (1984) Release notes for U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky by U2 (VHS back cover). MCA Home Video.
  15. ^ a b de la Parra 2003, pp. 44–45.
  16. ^ a b c Cave, Damien, et al. (24 June 2004). "U2's Gamble at Red Rocks". Rolling Stone (951): 146. 
  17. ^ McGee 2008, p. 71.
  18. ^ (1983) Release notes for War Is Declared by U2. NBC Radio (NBC 83–27).
  19. ^ McCullaugh, Jim (21 June 1986). "Syndicated TV Concert Series Set". Billboard 98 (25): 6. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/books?id=gyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
  20. ^ "Thursday Evening". The New York Times: section Television, p. 45. 17–23 January 1999. 
  21. ^ Rosenthal, Phil (4 March 2002). "What Are You Looking At?". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 38. 
  22. ^ The New York Times: p. B18. 9 March 2002. 
  23. ^ Curtright, Bob (1 March 2002). "KPTS Pledge Begins Saturday". The Wichita Eagle: p. 5C. 
  24. ^ a b c d DeCurtis, Anthony (2008). Release notes for U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky by U2 (2008 edition). Interscope Records (B0010951-02).
  25. ^ Graham & van Oosten de Boer 2004, p. 18.
  26. ^ Parkyn, Geoff (November 1983). "U2 News: Under a Blood Red Sky". U2 Magazine (London: U2 Info Service) (9). 
  27. ^ Parkyn, Geoff (February 1984). U2 Magazine (London: U2 Info Service) (10). 
  28. ^ Kootnikoff 2010, p. xviii.
  29. ^ a b c "U2: Live At Red Rocks and Under a Blood Red Sky" (Press release). PR Newswire. 11 August 2008. http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/08-11-2008/0004865337&EDATE=. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
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