Choekyi Gyaltsen
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| Choekyi Gyaltsen | |
| 10th Panchen Lama | |
|---|---|
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| Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama of Tibet | |
| Reign | 3 June 1949–28 January 1989 |
| Coronation | 11 June 1949 |
| Full name | Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen |
| Tibetan | བློ་བཟང་ཕྲིན་ལས་ལྷུན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན། |
| Wylie translit. | blo bzang phrin las lhun grub chos kyi rgyal mtshan |
| transcription (PRC) | Lobsang Chinlai Lhünzhub Qoigyi Gyaincain |
| THDL | Lozang Trinlé Lhündrup Chökyi Gyeltsen |
| Born | 19 February 1938 |
| Birthplace | Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai |
| Died | 28 January 1989 (age 51) |
| Place of death | Shigatse |
| Predecessor | Thubten Chökyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama |
| Successor | Gedhun Choekyi Nyima or Qoigyijabu (China supported) |
| Offspring | Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo |
| Royal House | Panchen Lama |
| Father | Gonpo Tseten |
| Mother | Sonam Drolma |
Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (February 19, 1938 – January 28, 1989) was the 10th Panchen Lama of Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen (which can be Choekyi Gyaltse, Choskyi Gyantsen, etc.), although this is also the name of several other notable figures in Tibetan history.
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[edit] Biography
He was born on February 19, 1938 in today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, to Gonpo Tseten and Sonam Drolma and given the name Gonpo Tseten. On June 3, 1949, officials of the Ninth Panchen Lama recognized Gonpo Tseten as the tenth incarnation of the Panchen Lama. He was enthroned on June 11, 1949 in Amdo (Qinghai) under the auspice of Chinese officials after the Kuomintang administration approved the selection. (He was not recognized by the Dalai Lama, because the Panchen's retinue refused to bring him to Lhasa and submit him to traditional tests.)[1] At this time, he supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and China's reform policies for Tibet.[1] In 1951, he was invited to Beijing at the time of the arrival a Tibetan delegation which was finally forced to sign the 17-Point Agreement and was forced to send a telegram requesting the Dalai Lama, to implement the Agreement.[2]. He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso when they met in 1952. In 1844, the Palden Tenpai Nyima, had had a summer palace for the Panchen Lamas built about 1 km south of Tashilhunpo Monastery containing 2 chapels in walled gardens. Chökyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, added sumptuous sitting rooms and audience room to this summer palace. It is now a popular picnic spot described in a touristic guide.[3] In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders[4][5]. In 1956, the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.[6] After a tour through Tibet, in May 1962, he met Zhou Enlai to discuss a petition he had written, criticizing the situation in Tibet. The petition was a 70,000 character document that dealt with the brutal suppression of the Tibetan people during and after the Chinese invasion of Tibet. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords." In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, [7] and then imprisoned. He was 24 years old at the time. [8] The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another anonymous author, denouncing the inhuman conditions of the Chinese Qincheng Prison where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned.[9] In October 1977, he was released but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. After his release, he was considered by the PRC authorities to be politically rehabilitated and he then rose to important positions. He served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress. In 1979, he married a Han Chinese woman and in 1983 they had a daughter, Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo,[10] which was considered controversial for a Gelug lama.
Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned to Tibet for the first time in nearly three decades to reinter some of the recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed during the destruction of Tashilhunpo in 1959. [7] He suddenly and unexpectedly died in Shigatse at the age of 51, on 28th January, just five days after delivering a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains.""The Panchen Lama passes on". The Tibetan Government in Exile. http://www.tibet.com/pl/newstibet.html.[11][12] Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, many Tibetans have remained suspicious of the circumstances.[11] His death led to new disputes between the Chinese government and supporters of the Dalai Lama.[13]
[edit] A vivid symbol of Tibetan aspirations
About 20 years after his death, the large public demonstration to commemorate the 70th birthday of the late Panchen Lama suggests he remains a vivid symbol of Tibetan aspirations.[14]
[edit] Internal links
List of Tibetan political prisoners
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Melvyn C. Goldstein, in McKay 2003, pg. 222
- ^ The Tenth Panchen Lama
- ^ Mayhew, Bradley and Kohn, Michael. (2005). Tibet, p. 177. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74059-523-8.
- ^ Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, China View, 30 August 2005.
- ^ Selected Foreign Dignitaries Met From Year 1954 to 1989
- ^ Feigon 1996, pg. 163
- ^ a b Hilton 2000
- ^ Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Tibet
- ^ Excerpts from Qincheng: A Twentieth Century Bastille, published in Exploration, March 1979
- ^ BUDDHA'S DAUGHTER: A YOUNG TIBETAN-CHINESE WOMAN
- ^ a b Laird 2006, p. 355
- ^ "Panchen Lama Poisoned arrow". BBC h2g2 - an encyclopaedic project contributed to by people from all over the world. 2001-10-14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A644320. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
- ^ Kapstein 2006, p. 295
- ^ Thousands in China pay tribute to late Tibetan lama
[edit] References
- Feigon, Lee. Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows (1996) Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1566630894
- Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393049698
- Kapstein, Matthew T. The Tibetans (2006) Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22574-4
- Laird, Thomas. The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama (2006) Grove Press. ISBN 0802118275
- McKay, Alex (ed.). Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History (2003) Walther Konig. ISBN 3883757187
| Preceded by Thubten Chökyi Nyima |
Reincarnation of the Panchen Lama 1949–1989 |
Succeeded by Gedhun Choekyi Nyima (Government of Tibet in Exile interpretation) Qoigyijabu (People's Republic of China interpretation) |
| Preceded by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama |
Chief of Tibet Autonomous Region 1959 – 1964 |
Succeeded by Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme |
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