Logical shift
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This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009) |
| Language | Left | Right |
|---|---|---|
| C, C++, Go (unsigned types only); Standard ML, Verilog |
<< | >> |
| Java, JavaScript, D | << | >>> |
| Fortran | LSHIFT | RSHIFT |
| OCaml | lsl | lsr |
| Object Pascal, Delphi | shl | shr |
| x86 assembly | SHL | SHR |
| VHDL | sll | srl |
In computer science, a logical shift is a bitwise operation that shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are the logical left shift and the logical right shift. This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, like "shift left by 1" or a "shift right by n". Unlike an arithmetic shift, a logical shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a number's exponent from its mantissa; every bit in the operand is simply moved a given number of bit positions, and the vacant bit-positions are filled in, usually with zeros (compare with a circular shift).
A logical shift is often used when its operand is being treated as a sequence of bits rather than as a number.
Logical shifts can be useful as efficient ways of performing multiplication or division of unsigned integers by powers of two. Shifting left by n bits on a signed or unsigned binary number has the effect of multiplying it by 2n. Shifting right by n bits on an unsigned binary number has the effect of dividing it by 2n (rounding towards 0).
Because arithmetic right shift differs from logical right shift, many languages have different operators for them. For example, in Java and JavaScript, the arithmetic right shift operator is >>; whereas the logical right shift operator is >>>. (Java only has one left shift operator (<<), because arithmetic left shift and logical left shift have the same effect.)
The programming languages C, C++, and Go, however, have only one right shift operator, >>. Most C and C++ implementations, and Go, choose which right shift to perform depending on the type of integer being shifted: signed integers are shifted using the arithmetic shift, and unsigned integers are shifted using the logical shift.
All currently relevant C standards (ISO/IEC 9899:1999 to 2011) leave a definition gap for cases where the number of shifts is equal to or bigger than the number of bits in the operands in a way that the result is simply undefined. This might allow faster implementations for processors where the assembly operation for such shifts is only valid for shift counts lower than the number of bits in the operand. The result in an ideal logical shift operation would be zero as the fill up bits are defined to be zero. The result in a C conform shift can be zero, the value of the input operand or any other value that the results value is capable to hold. Many of real world processor implementations and C implementations do follow the zero-result concept of the ideal shifter whilst there are definitely some other cases out there.
Example [edit]
If the bit sequence 0001 0111 (decimal 23) were subjected to a logical shift of one bit position...
* ...to the left would yield: 0010 1110 (decimal 46)
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* ...to the right would yield: 0000 1011 (decimal 11)
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