Lord Jim
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| Lord Jim | |
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 First edition cover |
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| Author | Joseph Conrad |
| Country | Britain |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Psychological novel |
| Publisher | Blackwood |
| Publication date | 1900 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 451 p. (first edition hardcover) |
| ISBN | N/A |
| OCLC Number | 4326282 |
Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad originally published in Blackwood's Magazine from October 1899 to November 1900.
Contents |
[edit] Inspiration
The central occurrence of Lord Jim appears to be based on true events. Although Conrad never confirmed this, there seems to be too much similarity for mere coincidence. On 17 July 1880, S.S. Jeddah sailed from Singapore bound for Penang and Jeddah, with 778 men, 147 women and 67 children on board. The passengers were Muslims from the Malay states, traveling to Mecca for the hajj (holy pilgrimage).
Jeddah sailed under the British flag and was crewed largely by British officers. It was owned by the Singapore Steamship Company, whose managing director, Syed Mohamed Alsagoff, came from a wealthy Arab family well established in Singapore. Syed Omar Alsagoff, Muhammad’s nephew, was on board at the time of the incident. After terrible weather conditions in the first week of passage, the ship's boilers ‘started adrift from their seatings’ and Jeddah began taking in water. The hull sprang a large leak, the water rose rapidly, and the captain and officers abandoned the heavily listing ship, taking Syed Omar with them. They were picked up by another vessel and taken to Aden where they told a story of violent passengers and a foundering ship. The pilgrims were left to their fate, and apparently certain death.
However, to much astonishment, on 8 August 1880 a French steamship towed Jeddah into Aden - the pilgrims had survived. They had been abandoned by those meant to protect them and an official inquiry followed into this great scandal. It is strongly suspected that this dishonourable tale inspired Conrad, who had landed in Singapore in 1883, and he wove the main themes of Lord Jim around it, using the name S.S. Patna for his fictional pilgrim ship.
The second part of the novel is based in some part on the life of James Brooke, the first Rajah of Sarawak.[1] Brooke was an Indian-born English adventurer who in the 1840s managed to gain power and set up an independent state in Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. Some critics, however, think that the fictional Patusan is to be found not in Borneo but in Sumatra[2]
[edit] The novel
The novel is in two main parts, firstly Jim's lapse aboard the Patna and his consequent fall, and secondly an adventure story about Jim's rise and the tale's denouement amongst the people of Patusan - set in the Indonesian archipelago. The main themes surround young Jim's potential ("...he was one of us", says the narrator,Marlow) thus sharpening the drama and tragedy of his fall, his subsequent struggle to redeem himself, and Conrad's further hints that personal character flaws will almost certainly emerge given an appropriate catalyst[3]. Conrad, speaking through his character Stein, called Jim a romantic figure, and indeed Lord Jim is arguably Conrad's most romantic novel[4].
In addition to the lyricism and beauty of Conrad's descriptive writing, the novel is remarkable for its sophisticated structure. The bulk of the novel is told in the form of a story recited by the character Marlow to a group of listeners, and the conclusion is presented in the form of a letter from Marlow. Within Marlow's narration, other characters also tell their own stories in nested dialogue. Thus, events in the novel are described from several view points, and often out of chronological order.
The reader is left to form an impression of Jim's interior psychological state from these multiple external points of view. Some critics (using deconstruction) contend that this is impossible and that Jim must forever remain an enigma[5], whereas others argue that there is an absolute reality the reader can perceive and that Jim's actions may be ethically judged[6]. In any event, mere facts are inadequate to explain the human condition. As Marlow remarks of the trial: "They wanted facts. Facts! They demanded facts from him, as if facts could explain anything!" Ultimately, Jim remains mysterious, as seen through a mist: "that mist in which he loomed interesting if not very big, with floating outlines - a straggler yearning inconsolably for his humble place in the ranks... It is when we try to grapple with another man's intimate need that we perceive how incomprehensible, wavering, and misty are the beings that share with us the sight of the stars and the warmth of the sun." It is only through Marlow's recitation that Jim lives for us - the relationship between the two men incites Marlow to "tell you the story, to try to hand over to you, as it were, its very existence, its reality - the truth disclosed in a moment of illusion."
Marlow is also the narrator of three of Conrad's other works: Heart of Darkness, Youth and Chance.
[edit] Plot summary
Jim (his surname is never disclosed), a young British seaman, becomes first mate on the Patna, a ship full of pilgrims travelling to Mecca for the hajj. In a momentary lapse (whether from courage, judgement, instinct or other) during an accident, Jim joins his captain and other crew members in abandoning the ship and its passengers. A few days later, they are picked up by a British ship. However, the Patna and its passengers are later also saved, and the reprehensible actions of the crew are exposed. The other miscreants evade justice, leaving Jim to face a court of inquiry alone. The court strips him of his navigation command certificate for his dereliction of duty. Jim is angry with himself, both for his moment of weakness, and for missing an opportunity to be a 'hero'.
At the trial, he meets Marlow, a sea captain, who in spite of his initial misgivings over what he sees as Jim's moral unsoundness, comes to befriend him, for he is "one of us." Marlow later finds Jim work as a ship chandler's clerk. Jim tries to remain incognito, but whenever the opprobrium of the Patna incident catches up with him, he abandons his place and moves further east.
At length, Marlow's friend Stein suggests placing Jim as his factor in Patusan, a remote inland settlement with a mixed Malay and Bugis population, where Jim's past can remain hidden. Here, Jim wins the respect of the people and becomes their leader by relieving them from the predations of the bandit Sherif Ali and protecting them from the corrupt local Malay chief, Rajah Tunku Allang. Jim wins the love of Jewel, a woman of mixed race, and is "satisfied... nearly." The end comes a few years later, when the town is attacked by the marauder "Gentleman" Brown. Although Brown and his gang are driven off, Dain Waris, the son of the leader of the Bugis community, is slain. Jim continues the conflict and ultimately fulfills his heroic destiny by willfully taking a fatal bullet in the chest, fired by Dain Waris's father Doramin as retribution for the death of his son.
[edit] Film adaptations
The book has twice been adapted into film:
- Lord Jim (1925), directed by Victor Fleming.
- Lord Jim (1965), directed by Richard Brooks and starring Peter O'Toole as Lord Jim.
[edit] Allusions and references in other works
Jim's ill-fated ship, the Patna is also mentioned in Jorge Luis Borges' short story "The Immortal". (N.B. Patna becomes Patria with a bit of paint peeled from the "n")
In a Sunday Peanuts strip, Lucy sees Snoopy carrying around a "This Is National Dog Week" sign, and asks him several questions including "Did a dog write Lord Jim?"--at which Snoopy gets annoyed.
Lord Jim is the name of a boat, and subsequently the nickname of the boat's owner, Richard Blake, in Penelope Fitzgerald's Booker Prize-winning novel Offshore.
Martin Levin published a review of Jimmy Carter's Palestine Peace Not Apartheid entitled "Lord Jimmy," in the Globe and Mail, Jan. 27, 2007.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Conrad, Joseph; Cedric Thomas Watts (ed.). Lord Jim. Broadview Press. pp. 13–14, 389–402. http://books.google.com/books?id=23H0nIJtLEkC. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
- ^ Hampson, Conrad's Heterotopic Fiction See also 1923 Curle article
- ^ Schopenhauer, who had a strong influence on Conrad, wrote: "conduct follows with absolute necessity from the coincidence of the character with the motives." (The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I, § 55)
- ^ Ian Watt, Conrad in the Nineteenth Century, p.346
- ^ J.Hillis Miller, Fiction and Repetition, p.22
- ^ D. Schwartz, The Transformation of the English Novel, p.222
[edit] External links
Sources
- Lord Jim, text with audio and PDF.
- Lord Jim at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
- Lord Jim, available at Internet Archive (scanned original edition books)
- Lord Jim, available at LibriVox (audio)
Commentary
- "Stephen Crane as a Source for Conrad's Jim", Nina Galen, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 38, no. 1 (1983).
- Lord Jim, from SparkNotes
- Lord Jim, from GradeSaver
- Lord Jim, by Richard Curle, in Joseph Conrad: a study (1914).
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