Lord Protector

Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland
Former political post
Coat of arms
Richard Cromwell
First officeholder	Oliver Cromwell
Last officeholder	Richard Cromwell
Style	His Highness
Official residence	Palace of Whitehall
Appointer	Hereditary
Office began	16 December 1653
Office ended	25 May 1659
Salary	£100,000

Lord Protector (pl. Lords Protector) is a title that has been used in British constitutional law for heads of state. It is also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It is sometimes used to render in English other posts of temporary regent, acting for the absent monarchic head of state.

Feudal royal regent

The title of "The Lord Protector" was originally used by royal princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency (i.e.. not merely as a member of a collegial regency council) while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule.

Notable cases in England are:

• John, Duke of Bedford and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester were (5 December 1422–6 November 1429) jointly Protectors for Henry VI (1421–1471);
• Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York was twice (3 April 1454–February 1455 and 19 November 1455–25 February 1456) Protector for the same Henry VI;
• Richard, Duke of Gloucester was 'Lord Protector of the Realm' (30 April 1483–26 June 1483), during the nominal reign of Edward V (one of the "Princes in the Tower") before claiming the throne for himself as Richard III;
• Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset was 'Lord Protector' (1547–1549), during the early years of the reign of the young Edward VI;

and in Scotland:

• John Stuart, Duke of Albany (c.1481–1536) was Governor and Protector of the Realm (12 July 1515–16 November 1524) for James V of Scotland (1512–1542);
• James Hamilton, Earl of Arran (c.1517–1575) (from 8 February 1548, Duke of Châtelherault) was Governor and Protector of the Kingdom (3 January 1543–12 April 1554) for Mary, Queen of Scots.

Cromwellian Commonwealth

Standard of the Lord Protector

The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum), following the first period when a Council of State held executive power. The title was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653–September 1658) and his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell (September 1658–May 1659) during what is now known as The Protectorate.

The 1653 Instrument of Government (republican constitution) stated that—

Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, for his life.

The replacement constitution of 1657, the Humble Petition and Advice, gave ‘His Highness the Lord Protector’ the power to nominate his successor. Cromwell chose his eldest surviving son, the politically inexperienced Richard. This was a non-representative and de facto dynastic mode of succession, with royal connotations in both styles awarded, even a double invocation 16 December 1653 - 3 September 1658 "By the Grace of God and Republic Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland" and many other monarchic prerogatives, such as awarding knighthoods.

The younger Cromwell, who succeeded on his father's death in September 1658, held the position for only eight months before resigning in May 1659, being followed by the second period of Commonwealth rule until the Restoration of the exiled heir to the Stuart throne Charles II in May 1660.

Lords Protector (1653–1659)

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Term began	Term ended	Political affiliation(s)
	Oliver Cromwell Old Ironsides	(1599-04-25)25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658(1658-09-03) (aged 59)	16 December 1653	3 September 1658	New Model Army
	Richard Cromwell Tumbledown Dick	(1626-10-04)4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712(1712-07-12) (aged 85)	3 September 1658	25 May 1659 (Resigned)	New Model Army

Post-Cromwell

Since the Restoration the title has not been used in either above manner. George, Prince of Wales, appointed to the regency in 1811, was referred to as "His Royal Highness the Prince Regent". George exercised the powers of the monarchy just as the Lords Protector had done, but the title's republican associations had rendered it distasteful.

Protector of the church

Lord Protector has also been used as a rendering of the Latin Advocatus in the sense of a temporal Lord (such as a Monarch) who acted as the protector of the (mainly secular) interests of (a part of) the church; compare vidame.

References in culture

Literature

In 1659, the royalist Anglican theologian (later Bishop of Rochester) Thomas Sprat made his witty and literary reputation with his satirical poem To the Happie Memory of the most Renowned Prince Oliver, Lord Protector, clearly mocking Cromwell's legal status.

In Mary Shelley's novel The Last Man, 21st century England is a republic, which elects a 'Lord Protector' as the head of state and head of government every three years.

In Orson Scott Card's series of fantasy novels The Tales of Alvin Maker, set in an alternate early-19th-century America, England continues to be ruled by the Cromwells as Lords Protector, while the Stuarts rule the "Crown colonies" (roughly equivalent to the states from Virginia to Georgia) from "Camelot" (Charleston). The references especially come into play in Heartfire, the fifth book in the series, where much of the story occurs in Camelot.

Television

Alan B'Stard on the final episode of UK sitcom The New Statesman, seeking alternatives in case he was not made Prime Minister, suggested that he might proclaim himself Lord Protector of England.

In the Star Trek Voyager episode "Blink of an Eye", during which Voyager is trapped in orbit above a planet experiencing a rapid passage of time, the first attempt shown by the people to contact Voyager was made during the planet's medieval period by a Lord Protector. By the end of the episode, the planet's technologically-advanced society was governed by the Central Protectorate, hinting that the planet's head of state was still called Lord Protector.

Video games

In the Microprose videogame Sid Meier's Civilization II, the term Lord Protector (or its corresponding female form Lady Protector) is applied to the leader of the English civilization under the "Fundamentalism" type of government.

In Europa Universalis III by Paradox Interactive, Lord/Lady Protector is applied to a country's head of state under the Republican Dictatorship form of government, the first natural occurrence being Oliver Cromwell's formation of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

In Dishonored by Arkane Studios the Protagonist is the Lord Protector before having the title removed for a crime he didn't commit.

Rendering other temporarily acting monarchic head of state

The title is still in use in some constitutional monarchies and designates the acting head of state while the monarch is abroad.

Denmark

In Denmark, when the present Queen is abroad, the heir apparent Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark is regent.

If the heir apparent is also abroad, the lord protector (Danish: Rigsforstander) is either:

1. Prince Joachim of Denmark or
2. Princess Benedikte of Denmark

Sweden

Main article: King in Council (Sweden)

In Sweden, per The Instrument of Government (Swedish: Regeringsformen) in the constitution, when the present King is abroad, the next in the line of succession (as defined by the Swedish Act of Succession) becomes lord protector (Swedish: Riksföreståndare):

1. Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Västergötland
2. Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
3. Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland

Sources and references

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• United Kingdom at WorldStatesmen.org