FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan

FitzRoy Somerset
Baron Raglan
Lord Raglan in front of Raglan Castle.
Spouse(s)	Julia Hamilton
Issue FitzRoy Somerset Janetta Somerset FitzRoy Somerset, 5th Baron Raglan Geoffrey Somerset Cecily Somerset
Noble family	House of Beaufort
Father	George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan
Mother	Ethel Jemima Ponsonby
Born	10 June 1885
Died	1964

Major FitzRoy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan (10 June 1885–1964) was a British soldier, beekeeper, farmer and independent scholar. He is best known for his book The Hero, where he systematises hero myths.

Life

Raglan, the great-grandson of FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan of Crimean War fame, attended Eton and Sandhurst before entering the British Army. He joined the Grenadier Guards, serving in Hong Kong, North Africa and Palestine, and eventually rising to the rank of major.

From 1913 to 1918, he served in Southern Sudan, where he became interested in cultural anthropology, particularly of the Lotuko people. An accomplished linguist, he became fluent in Arabic and produced the first Lotuko-English dictionary. A serious illness in 1914 prevented his assignment to the dangerous Western Front in World War I; he remained instead in the Middle East.

Following the death of his father in 1921, he retired from the service and returned to his ancestral home, Cefntilla Court in Monmouthshire. He ran the estate as a working farm, and was a proficient carpenter, bricklayer, and beekeeper. He became active in local affairs and began studying and writing in areas as varied as anthropology, political science, and architecture.

He published his first book, Jocasta's Crime, in 1933, and The Hero in 1936. He worked independently of the academic establishment, carrying out little original research but synthesizing existing scholarship into provocative new lines of reasoning. He corresponded widely with scholars and participated in many professional associations, though he never pursued nor was awarded any academic degree. He served as president of the Folklore Society, Section H of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Royal Anthropological Institute, and many other organizations.

Lady Raglan's lone foray into folklore was a notable success. In a 1939 article in the journal Folklore, she coined the term "Green Man" to describe the foliate heads found in English churches. Her theory on their origin is still debated.

Raglan's outspokenness and relentless skepticism earned him both admirers and detractors. An aristocrat himself, he often stated that there was "no such thing as a Norman pedigree," and was fond of pointing out cherished local legends that could not be historically true. He believed Shakespeare was actually a syndicate of a half-dozen writers, with Shakespeare himself writing only the comic parts of the plays. In 1934, he created a stir at a British Association meeting by declaring that black and white Americans would eventually merge into one race. In 1959, he aroused the fury of the Welsh Nationalist Party by declaring Welsh "a moribund language" and accused nationalists of trying to create a "fictitious druidical past." He ignored ensuing calls for his resignation as Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire and president of the National Museum of Wales.

Until his death at 79 in 1964, he remained an imposing figure, with a military bearing and gait. He was buried in the family plot in the Church of St John, Llandenny.

Family

He married Hon. Julia Hamilton, daughter of Lt.-Col. Robert Edward Archibald Udney-Hamilton, 11th Lord Belhaven and Stenton and Kathleen Gonville Bromhead, on 9 April 1923. They had five children, one of whom died as an infant.

• FitzRoy Somerset (b. 9 January 1924, d. 13 January 1924)
• Janetta Somerset (b. 8 June 1925)
• FitzRoy John Somerset, 5th Baron Raglan (b. 8 November 1927, d. 24 January 2010)
• Geoffrey Somerset, 6th Baron Raglan (b. 29 August 1932)
• Cecily Somerset (b. 10 August 1938)

The family seat is Cefntilla Court near Usk in Monmouthshire. An inscription over the porch dated 1858 reads: “This house with 238 acres of land was purchased by 1623 of the friends, admirers and comrades in arms of the late Field Marshal Lord Raglan GCB and presented by them to his son and his heirs for ever in a lasting memorial of affectionate regard and respect”.

The Hero

Raglan's best-known work, The Hero, A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama, was published in 1936. The book's central thesis is that hero figures of mythology had their origin in ritual drama, not historical fact. In the book's most influential chapter, he outlined 22 common traits of god-heroes. They are:

• The hero's mother is a royal virgin;
• His father is a king, and
• Often a near relative of his mother, but
• The circumstances of his conception are unusual, and
• He is also reputed to be the son of a god.
• At birth an attempt is made, usually by his father or his maternal grandfather, to kill him, but
• He is spirited away, and
• Reared by foster parents in a far country.
• We are told nothing of his childhood, but
• On reaching manhood he returns or goes to his future kingdom.
• After a victory over the king, and/or a giant, dragon, or wild beast,
• He marries a princess, often the daughter of his predecessor, and
• Becomes king.
• For a time he reigns uneventfully, and
• Prescribes laws, but
• Later loses favor with the gods and/or his subjects, and
• Is driven from the throne and city, after which
• He meets a mysterious death,
• Often at the top of a hill.
• His children, if any, do not succeed him.
• His body is not buried, but nevertheless
• He has one or more holy sepulchers.

Raglan then encapsulates the lives of several heroes and awards points (marks) for thematic elements for a possible score of 22. He dissects Oedipus, Theseus, Romulus, Heracles, Perseus, Jason, Bellerophon, Pelops, Asclepios, Dionysos, Apollo, Zeus, Joseph, Moses, Elijah, Watu Gunung, Nyikang, Sigurd or Siegfried, Llew Llawgyffes, Arthur, and Robin Hood. Oedipus earns the highest score with 21 marks.

Thus Raglan calculated the likelihood that these protagonists were actual historical figures. Unlike Joseph Campbell, who published The Hero with a Thousand Faces in 1943, Raglan was not interested in the psychological or personal aspects of hero myths, only their factual basis.

The Hero established Raglan as a leading proponent of the "myth-ritual" theory of the origin of religion, whose antecedents included Sir James Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists. The myth-ritual theory had a profound influence on literature and subsequently on literary criticism, reaching its height in the 1960s. Because of its succinct presentation of the theory, Raglan's scale is still frequently used as a teaching tool in cultural anthropology and comparative literature.

Significantly, Raglan excludes Jesus from the study, even though he "is reputed to be the son of a god", returned to his future kingdom, and met a mysterious death on the top of a hill, and was not buried. Raglan later claimed to omit Jesus to avoid conflict with his original publisher. The idea of Jesus as a god-hero is sometimes used by both sides in the debate over the historicity of Jesus.

Politics

Though less well known today as a political commentator, Raglan applied the same deductive reasoning to political science as to anthropology, with similarly controversial results. In The Science of Peace (1933), he denounced nationalism as an artificial construct independent of linguistic, racial or economic divisions, and a leading cause of war. At the same time, he opposed disarmament and the League of Nations and believed imperialism was an effective antidote for rampant nationalism. He advocated the "civilization of women," including access to education, and believed that people of African descent were just as capable of developing advanced civilization as Europeans.

In 1934, publishing house Methuen invited a number of prominent intellectuals to write on what they would do if granted dictatorial power in England. In If I Were Dictator, Raglan responded in typically idiosyncratic and sometimes inflammatory style. The book was written as a thought exercise and not, as it has sometimes been represented, a descriptive or prescriptive formula for being a dictator.

Quotations

• "Culture is roughly everything we do and monkeys don't."
• "It is often said that 'there is no smoke without fire.' What those who use this expression mean by it is that their wish to believe any story or part of a story makes it historically true. They never apply it to a story which they know to be historically untrue, however much 'smoke' it may have emitted." (Preface to The Hero)
• "If, instead of saying that thieves will go to prison or liars will go to hell, we could make people think that stealing is as bad as going to a funeral in a coloured tie, or lying as bad as frying a sausage on the parlour fire, we should achieve a colossal reformation."
• "I believe that before many centuries have elapsed, there will not be a single person in America without a certain portion of Negro blood."

Honorary titles
Preceded by Sir Henry Mather-Jackson, Bt	Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire 1942–1964	Succeeded by Edward Roderick Hill
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by George Fitzroy Henry Somerset	Baron Raglan 1921–1964	Succeeded by FitzRoy Somerset

Bibliography

• Jocasta's Crime, 1933
• The Science of Peace, 1933
• If I were Dictator, 1934
• The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama, 1936, (reprint 2003: ISBN 0-486-42708-0)
• How Came Civilisation?, 1939
• Death and Rebirth, 1945
• The Origins of Religion, 1949
• Monmouthshire Houses, with Sir Cyril Fox, Vols. 1-III, ISBN 0-952000997
• Temple & the House, 1964

References

• "Was It Good for Wales?". (June 2, 1959). Western Mail.
• "Death of Lord Raglan, Farmer-Peer". (September 14, 1964). South Wales Argus.
• "Lord Raglan, A Quotable Tart Talker". (September 15, 1964). New York Herald-Tribune.
• "Lord Raglan, Controversialist and Writer". (September 15, 1964). The Times.
• "Lord Raglan, 79, Dies in Wales; A Soldier, Author and Historian". (September 15, 1964). The New York Times.

External links

• Lord Raglan's Scale The 22 points are applied to other heroes such as Beowulf and Harry Potter.
• Anthropological Theory and Criticism Brief historical overview]
• FitzRoy Somerset on National Library of Wales Dictionary of Welsh Biography