Los Angeles class submarine
2.jpg) USS Asheville (SSN-758) arrives at Naval Base Point Loma, California in Nov 2005. |
|
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Builders: | Newport News Shipbuilding General Dynamics Electric Boat |
| Operators: |  United States Navy |
| Preceded by: | Sturgeon class attack submarine |
| Succeeded by: | Seawolf class attack submarine Virginia class attack submarine |
| Built: | 1972 – 1996 |
| In commission: | 1976 – present |
| Completed: | 62 |
| Active: | 43[1] |
| Retired: | 19 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement: |
Surfaced: 6,082 tonnes (5,986 long tons) Submerged: 6,927 tonnes (6,818 long tons) |
| Length: | 362 ft (110 m) |
| Beam: | 33 ft (10 m) |
| Draft: | 31 ft (9.4 m) |
| Propulsion: | 1 GE PWR S6G nuclear reactor, 2 turbines 35,000 hp (26 MW), 1 auxiliary motor 325 hp (242 kW), 1 shaft |
| Speed: |
Surfaced:20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h) |
| Range: | Refueling required after 30 years[5] |
| Endurance: | 90 days |
| Test depth: | 950 ft (290 m) |
| Complement: | 129 |
| Sensors and processing systems: |
BQQ-5 passive SONAR, BQS-15 detecting and ranging SONAR, WLR-8V(2) ESM receiver, WLR-9 acoustic receiver for detection of active search SONAR and acoustic homing torpedoes, BRD-7 radio direction finder,[6] BPS-15 RADAR |
| Electronic warfare and decoys: |
WLR-10 contermeasures set[6] |
| Armament: | 4× 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes, 37x Mk 48 torpedo, Tomahawk land attack missile, Harpoon anti–ship missile, Mk 67 mobile, or Mk 60 Captor mines (some boats have 12x VLS) |
The Los Angeles-class, sometimes called the LA-class or the 688-class, is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) that forms the backbone of the United States submarine fleet. With 43 submarines on active duty and 19 retired, the Los Angeles class is the most numerous nuclear powered submarine class in the world. The class was preceded by the Sturgeon class and followed by the Seawolf and Virginia classes. Except for USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709), submarines of this class are named after U.S. cities, breaking a long-standing Navy tradition of naming attack submarines after sea creatures.
The final 23 boats in the series, referred to as "688i" boats, are quieter than their predecessors and incorporate a more advanced combat system. These 688i boats are also designed for under-ice operations: their diving planes are on the bow rather than on the sail, and they have reinforced sails.
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[edit] Characteristics
[edit] Capabilities
According to the U.S. government, the top speed of Los Angeles-class submarines is over 25 knots (46 km/h, 29 mph), although the precise maximum is classified. Some estimates put the top speed at 30–33 knots.[3][7] Tom Clancy, in his book Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship, puts the top speed of a Los Angeles class submarine at 37 knots.
Government sources give the maximum operating depth as 650 feet (200 m),[8] while Patrick Tyler, in his book Running Critical, suggests a maximum operating depth of 950 feet (290 m).[9] Although Tyler cites the 688-class design committee for this figure,[10] the government has not commented on it. The maximum diving depth is 1,475 feet (450 m) according to Jane's Fighting Ships, 2004-2005 Edition, edited by Commodore Stephen Saunders of Royal Navy.[11]
[edit] Weapons and fire control systems
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Los Angeles class submarines carry about 25 torpedo-tube-launched weapons and all boats of the class are capable of launching Tomahawk cruise missiles horizontally (from the torpedo tubes). The last 31 boats of this class also have 12 dedicated vertical launching system (VLS) tubes for launching Tomahawks.
[edit] Engineering and auxiliary systems
There are two watertight compartments in the Los Angeles class of submarines. The forward compartment contains crew living spaces, weapons handling spaces and control spaces not critical to recovering propulsion. The aft compartment contains the bulk of the submarine's engineering systems, power generation turbines and water making equipment.[12] Some submarines in the class are capable of delivering SEALs through either the Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) system or the Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS; program canceled in 2006 and rendered unusable in 2009).[13] A variety of atmospheric control devices are used to remain submerged for long periods of time without ventilating, including an Electrolytic Oxygen Generator (EOG) nicknamed "the bomb".[5][14]
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While on the surface or at snorkel depth the submarine may use the submarine's auxiliary or emergency diesel generator for power or ventilation[15][16] (e.g., following a fire).[17] The diesel engine in a 688 class can be quickly started by compressed air during emergencies or to evacuate noxious (non-volatile) gases from the boat, although 'ventilation' requires raising of a snorkel mast. During non-emergency situations, design constraints require operators to allow the engine to reach normal operating temperatures before it is capable of producing full power, a process that may take from 20 to 30 minutes. However, the diesel generator can be immediately loaded to 100% power output, despite design criteria cautions, at the discretion of the submarine commander via the recommendation of the submarine's Engineer, if necessity dictates such actions to a) restore electrical power to the submarine, b) prevent a reactor incident from occurring or escalating, or c) to protect the lives of the crew or others as determined necessary by the commanding officer.[18]
Normally, steam power is generated by the submarine's nuclear reactor delivering pressurized hot water to the steam generator, which generates steam to drive the steam driven turbines and generators. While the emergency diesel generator is starting up, power can be provided from the submarine's battery through the Ship Service Motor Generators (SSMGs).[19] Likewise, propulsion is normally delivered through the submarine's steam driven main turbines that drive the submarine's propeller through a reduction gear system. The submarine has no main drive shaft, unlike conventional diesel electric submarines.[20]
[edit] In the media
- Los Angeles-class submarines have also been featured prominently in numerous Tom Clancy novels and film adaptations, most notably the USS Dallas (SSN-700) in The Hunt for Red October.[21]
- In the film Terminator Salvation, Resistance Headquarters is located aboard a Los Angeles-class submarine, called the USS Wilmington according to the novelization and several behind-the-scenes books.[22][23]
- The class has also been the subject of video games and simulations, such as Electronic Arts' 1997 release, 688(I) Hunter/Killer.
- Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) features the USS Chicago (SSN-721) as the launching platform for TF 141's operations. Another Los Angeles class, the USS Dallas (SSN-700), can also be seen in game, specifically in the level "The only easy day... was yesterday".[citation needed]
[edit] See also
- List of Los Angeles class submarines
- List of active Los Angeles class submarines by homeport
- List of inactive Los Angeles class submarines by disposition
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Ship Battle Forces". Nvr.navy.mil. http://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvrships/sbf/fleet.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
- ^ "U.S. Navy Fact Sheet - Attack Submarines - SSN". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_print.asp?cid=4100&tid=100&ct=4&page=1. Retrieved 2008-04-20. "General Characteristics, Los Angeles class ... Speed: 20+ knots (23+ miles per hour, 36.8 +km/h)"
- ^ a b Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2003). Cold War Submarines:The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Brassey's. p. 271. ISBN 1574885944
- ^ "Officials: U.S. submarine hit undersea mountain". CNN. 11 January 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/01/10/nuclear.submarine.update/. Retrieved 2008-04-20. "The submarine was traveling in excess of 33 knots - about 35 mph - when its nose hit the undersea formation head-on, officials said."
- ^ a b SSN-688 Los Angeles class from Federation of American Scientists retrieved 29 February 2008 :The 18 SSN-688 class submarines that will be refueled at their mid-life could make good candidates for a service life extension because they could operate for nearly 30 years after the refueling. After these submarines serve for 30 years, they could undergo a 2-year overhaul and serve for one more 10-year operating cycle, for a total service life of 42 years.
- ^ a b Polmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)" United States Naval Institute Proceedings October 1979 p.137
- ^ Tyler, Patrick (1986). Running Critical. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 24, 56, 66–67. ISBN 978-0-06-091441-7.
- ^ Waddle, Scott (2003). The Right Thing. Integrity Publishers. pp. xi (map/diagram). ISBN 1591450365. "This reference is for operating depth only"
- ^ Tyler, (1986). pp. 66-67, 156
- ^ "Notes in pp. 64-67: Deliberations of ad-hoc committee on SSN 688 design taken from confidential sources and from interviews with Admiral [Ret] Rickover...." From Tyler, p. 365
- ^ Saunders, (2004). pp. 838
- ^ SSN-688 Los Angeles Class Design. Los Angeles Class at Globalsecurity.org. Accessed on 07 January 2009
- ^ Polmar & Moore, (2003). pp. 263
- ^ Treadwell Supplies Oxygen Generator Components for Nuclear Subs Defense Industry Daily 28-January-2008
- ^ Fairbanks Morse Engines Marine Installations Accessed on 29 April 2008
- ^ Auxiliary Division on USS Cheyenne USS CHEYENNE SSN-773 Department & Divisions from Federation of American Scientists. Accessed on 29 April 2008
- ^ Firefighting and Damage Control Update 181044Z JUN 98 (SUBS) Message COMSUBLANT (1998) Accessed on 29 April 2008
- ^ DiMercurio, Michael; Benson, Michael (2003). The complete idiot's guide to submarines. New York, NY: Alpha Books. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-0-02-864471-4
- ^ Elger, Wallace (2005). "Development of Metal Fiber Electrical Brushes for 500kW SSMG Sets". Naval Engineers Journal 117 (4): 37–38. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.2005.tb00382.x.
- ^ Nuclear Propulsion Pressurized water Naval nuclear propulsion system at Federation of American Scientists Accessed on 30 April 2008
- ^ Clancy, Tom (1984). The Hunt for Red October. Naval Institute Press. pp. 71, 77, 81. ISBN 0-87021-285-0.
- ^ Foster, Alan Dean (2009). Terminator Salvation: The Official Movie Novelization. Titan Books. ISBN 1848560850.
- ^ Bennett, Tara (2009). Terminator Salvation: The Official Companion. Titan Books.
[edit] References
- This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
- Clancy, T. (1984). The Hunt for Red October. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-285-0.
- DiMercurio, M.; Benson, M (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Submarines. New York: Alpha Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864471-4.
- Hutchinson, R (2001). Jane's Submarines: War Beneath the Waves from 1776 to the Present Say. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-710558-8.
- Polmar, N; Moore, K. J. (2003). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 1574885944.
- Tyler, P. (1986). Running Critical. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-091441-7.
- Waddle, S (2003). The Right Thing. Nashville, Tennessee: Integrity Publishers. ISBN 1591450365.
- Saunders, S (2004). Jane's Fighting Ships, 2004-2005. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. ISBN 0710626231.
[edit] External links
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