Lovebug

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Lovebug
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Superorder:	Endopterygota
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Bibionomorpha
Superfamily:	Bibionoidea
Family:	Bibionidae
Genus:	Plecia
Species:	P. nearctica
Binomial name
Plecia nearctica Hardy, 1940

The lovebug, Plecia nearctica, is a member of the family of march flies. It is also known as the honeymoon fly, telephonebug, kissybug or double-headedbug. The adult is a small, flying insect common to parts of Central America and the southeastern United States, especially along the Gulf Coast.^[1]

The lovebug was first described in 1940 by D. E. Hardy from Galveston, Texas. At that time, he reported the incidence of lovebugs to be widespread, but most common in Texas and Louisiana.^[1] However, by the end of the 20th century the species had spread heavily to all areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico, as well as Georgia, and South Carolina. L. A. Hetrick, writing in 1970, found it very widespread in Florida and described its flights as reaching altitudes of 300 m to 450 m and extending several kilometers over the Gulf.^[2] In 2006, it was reported as far north as Wilmington, North Carolina.^[1]

Contents 1 Biology and behavior 2 Semi-annual Pest Status 3 Folklore 4 Management 5 Footnotes 6 References

[edit] Biology and behavior

For most of the year, lovebugs are beneficial in that the larvae (maggots) live in grassy areas and feed on dead vegetation within the thatch.^[1] This results in not only the eventual release of nutrients back into the soil, but also decreases excessive thatch which can be detrimental to grass growth and serve as a protective cover for serious grass pests.

The adult lovebug feeds on the nectar of flowering plants. Upon reaching maturity the lovebug spends almost the entirety of its remaining life copulating with its mate, hence its numerous romantic nicknames. The male and female attach themselves at the rear of the abdomen and remain that way at all times, even in flight. In fact, after mating, the male dies and is dragged around by the female until she lays her eggs. Females lay up to 350 eggs in debris, and about 20 days later the eggs hatch into larvae. The larval stage may last up to nine months.^[1]

Commercial use of cut sod for "instant" green lawns can result in the transportation of the larvae to other areas.

Lovebug flights can number in the hundreds of thousands. The slow, drifting movement of the insects is almost reminiscent of snow fall. Two major flights occur each year, first in late spring, then again in late summer. In south Florida, a third (but smaller) flight can occur in December.^[1] The spring flight occurs during late April and May, the summer during late August and September. Flights extend over periods of four to five weeks.^[2]

Mating takes place almost immediately after emergence of the females. Adult females live only three to four days.

[edit] Semi-annual Pest Status

Its reputation as a public nuisance is due not to any bite or sting (it is incapable of either), but to its slightly acidic body chemistry.^[1] Because airborne lovebugs can exist in enormous numbers near highways, they die en masse on automobile windshields, hoods, and radiator grills when the vehicles travel at high speeds. If left for more than an hour or two, the remains become dried and extremely difficult to remove. In the past, the acidity of the dead adult body, especially the female's egg masses, often resulted in pits and etches in automotive paint and chrome if not quickly removed.^[3] However, advances in automotive paints and protective coatings have reduced this threat significantly. Now the greatest concern is excessive clogging of vehicle radiator air passages with the bodies of the adults, with the reduction of the cooling effect on engines, and the obstruction of windshields when the remains of the adults and egg masses are smeared on the glass.^[1]

Lovebug adults are attracted to light-colored surfaces, especially if they are freshly painted, but the adults can congregate almost anywhere by reacting to the effects of sunlight on automobile fumes, asphalt, and other products affected by environmental factors still not completely understood.^[1]

[edit] Folklore

Urban legend holds that lovebugs are synthetic — the result of a University of Florida genetics experiment gone wrong.^[3] Speculation about the lovebug abounds. This is partly due to the fact that this insect is an unseen beneficial (lives and feeds in the thatch of grasses) for most of the year. As a result, most scientists are not as concerned with the details of this insect's life cycle, biology and other facets of its existence as they are with more serious pests. For example, while various fungi are known or suspected of being natural controls for this species^[1], time and funding do not allow for more study, except as a side interest.

Research of L. L. Buschman showed that migration explained the introduction of the lovebug into Florida and other southeastern states, contrary to the urban myth that the University of Florida created them by manipulating DNA to control mosquito populations.^[4]

[edit] Management

Lovebugs are subject to some significant natural controls, such as various parasitic fungi^[1]; and dry weather, which dries out the thatch resulting in a higher mortality rate for the larvae. As the lovebug migrated around the Gulf Coast, first to Texas, then Louisiana, then further eastward, the initial populations for many years were so excessive as to cause public concern and rumors of their origin. However, as pest populations migrate naturally, their natural controls, are usually not far behind. While it often took years (as in decades), lovebug flights are no longer present in the huge numbers that once existed simply because their natural controls (mostly fungi) caught up with established populations. In many areas, local lovebug flights may only be present in excessively large numbers due to occasional local conditions that may not be repeated in successive years.

While lovebugs are not a favored food of most insectivores due to their acidic taste, lovebug larvae — and some adults — are food for birds such as quail and robins, and also, spiders and some predatory insects. Insect predators include earwigs, at least two species of beetle larvae and a centipede.^[5]

Some think that the apparent population explosion may be explained due to increasing automobile use and rising human population. Lovebugs may have come to more widespread notice since, at the time of Hardy's study, the density of the road network and the extent of personal transport ownership in the species' area of occurrence was much lower than it is today. This has some validity in that beginning in the late 1940s, state and national programs increased the road network. These roads included grassy areas which were regularly mowed for safety reasons and perhaps facilitated the movement of lovebugs into new areas. Many states now practice selective mowing along highways to conserve fuel and equipment (saving money), and have programs where local wildflowers and concern for ground-nesting wildlife dictate when grassy areas are mowed. This results in less thatch and less food and cover for lovebug larvae.

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Denmark HA, Mead FW, Fasulo TR. (November 2008). Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy. Featured Creatures. EENY-47. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/lovebug.htm (29 August 2009)
• Hardy DE. 1940. Studies in New World Plecia (Bibionidae: Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 13: 15-27.
• Hetrick LA. (1970). Biology of the "love-bug," Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae). Florida Entomologist 53: 23-26. (23 September 2008).
• Mousseau, TA (July 2009). 'Love Bugs on the Move.'
• Short DE. (2003). Lovebugs in Florida. EDIS. ENY-329. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG068 (17 July 2008)