Lyssavirus
| Lyssavirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group V ((-)ssRNA) |
| Order: | Mononegavirales |
| Family: | Rhabdoviridae |
| Genus: | Lyssavirus |
| Type species | |
| Rabies virus |
|
| Species | |
|
Aravan virus |
|
Lyssavirus (from Lyssa, the Greek goddess of madness, rage, and frenzy) is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, in the order Mononegavirales. This group of RNA viruses includes the Rabies virus traditionally associated with the disease.
Contents |
[edit] Virology
[edit] Structure
Viruses typically have either helical or cubic symmetry. Lyssaviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. This is typical of plant-infecting viruses. Human-infecting viruses more commonly have cubic symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
The structure consists of a spiked outer envelope, a middle region consisting of protein M, and an inner ribonucleocapsid complex region, consisting of the genome associated with other proteins.
[edit] Genome
Lyssavirus genomes consist of a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes five viral proteins: polymerase L, matrix protein M, phosphoprotein P, nucleoprotein N, and glycoprotein G.
Based on recent phylogenetic evidence, Lyssaviruses are categorized into seven major genotypes. In addition, there have been four genotypes recently discovered, and these are West Caucasian Bat virus, Aravan Virus, Khujand virus, and Irkut virus.[1] The major genotypes include Rabies virus (genotype 1), Lagos bat virus (2), Mokola virus (3), Duvenhage virus (4), European Bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (5 and 6), and Australian bat lyssavirus (7). Based on biological properties of the viruses, these genotypes are further subdivided into phylogroups 1 and 2. Phylogroup 1 includes genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7, while phylogroup 2 includes genotypes 2 and 3. The nucleocapsid region of lyssavirus is fairly highly conserved from genotype to genotype across both phylogroups; however, experimental data has shown that lyssavirus strains used in vaccinations are only from the first genotype of the first phylogroup (i.e. classic Rabies).[2]
[edit] Epidemiology
Genotype 1, classic rabies, is prevalent throughout the world and can be carried by any mammal. The other genotypes (types 2 through 7) have much less diversity in carriers. Only select hosts can carry each of the genotypes. Also, these other genotypes are particular only to a specific geographic area. Bats are known to be an animal vector for all but one of the seven genotypes, the one exception being Mokola virus.
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Kuzmin, I.; Hughes, G.; Botvinkin, A.; Orciari, L.; Rupprecht, C. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses within the genus and suggested quantitative criteria based on the N gene sequence for lyssavirus genotype definition". Virus Research 111 (1): 28–25. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.008. PMID 15896400.
- ^ Badrane, H.; Bahloul, C.; Perrin, P.; Tordo, N. (2001). "Evidence of Two Lyssavirus Phylogroups with Distinct Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity". Journal of Virology 75 (7): 3268–3276. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.7.3268-3276.2001. PMC 114120. PMID 11238853. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114120.
[edit] Bibliography
- Baynard, Ashley C. et al (2011). "Bats and Lyssaviruses." In: Advances in VIRUS RESEARCH VOLUME 79. Research Advances in Rabies. Edited by Alan C. Jackson. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-387040-7.
- Botvinkin; Poleschuk, E. M.; Kuzmin, I. V.; Borisova, T. I.; Gazaryan, S. V.; Yager, P.; Rupprecht, C. E. (2003). "Novel Lyssaviruses Isolated from Bats in Russia". Emerging infectious diseases 9 (12): 1623–1625. PMC 3034350. PMID 14720408. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3034350.
- Arai; Kuzmin, I. V.; Kameoka, Y.; Botvinkin, A. D. (2003). "New Lyssavirus Genotype from the Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis blythi), Kyrghyzstan". Emerging infectious diseases 9 (3): 333–337. PMC 2958534. PMID 12643828. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2958534.
- World Health Organization (2005) (PDF). WHO Expert Consulation on Rabies. WHO technical report series. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-120931-3. ISSN 0512-3054. http://www.who.int/rabies/ExpertConsultationOnRabies.pdf.
