Grifola frondosa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Maitake)
Jump to: navigation, search
Maitake
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Meripilaceae
Genus: Grifola
Species: G. frondosa
Binomial name
Grifola frondosa
(Dicks.) Gray
Grifola frondosa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
pores on hymenium
cap is offset or indistinct
hymenium is decurrent
lacks a stipe
spore print is white
ecology is parasitic
edibility: edible

Grifola frondosa is a polypore mushroom that grows in clusters at the base of trees, particularly oaks. The mushroom is commonly known among English speakers as Hen of the Woods, Ram's Head and Sheep's Head. In the United States' supplement market, as well as in Asian grocery stores, the mushroom is known by its Japanese name "Maitake", which means "dancing mushroom". G. frondosa should not be confused with Laetiporus sulphureus, another edible bracket fungus that is commonly called chicken of the woods or "sulphur shelf".

The fungus is native to the northeastern part of Japan and North America, and is prized in traditional Chinese and Japanese herbology as a medicinal mushroom, an aid to balance out altered body systems to a normal level. Most Japanese people find its taste and texture enormously appealing,[citation needed] though the mushroom has been alleged to cause allergic reactions in rare cases.

Contents

[edit] Description

Like the sulphur shelf mushroom, G. frondosa is a perennial fungus that often grows in the same place for a number of years in succession. It occurs most prolifically in the northeastern regions of the United States, but has been found as far west as Idaho.

G. frondosa grows from an underground tuber-like structure, about the size of a potato. The fruiting body, occurring as large as 60 cm, is a cluster consisting of multiple grayish-brown caps which are often curled or spoon-shaped, with wavy margins and 2-7 cm broad. The undersurface of each cap bears approximately one to three pores per millimeter, with the tubes rarely deeper than 3 mm. The milky-white stipe (stalk) has a branchy structure and becomes tough as the mushroom matures.

In Japan, the Maitake can grow to more than 50 pounds (20 kilograms), earning this giant mushroom the title "King of Mushrooms." Maitake is one of the major culinary mushrooms used in Japan, the others being shiitake, shimeji and enoki. They are used in a wide variety of dishes, often being a key ingredient in nabe or cooked in foil with butter.

[edit] Use in traditional Oriental medicine

The underground tubers from which hen of the woods arises have been used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine to enhance the immune system. Researchers have also indicated that whole maitake has the ability to regulate blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and both serum and liver lipids, such as cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, and may also be useful for weight loss.

Maitake is rich in minerals (such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium), various vitamins (B2, D2 and Niacin), fibers and amino acids. One active constituent in Maitake for enhancing the immune activity was identified in the late 1980s as a protein-bound beta-glucan compound.

[edit] Maitake research

This year, a phase I/II human trial, conducted by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, showed Maitake could stimulate the immune systems of breast cancer patients.[1] Small experiments with human cancer patients, have shown Maitake can stimulate immune system cells, like NK cells.[2][3] In vitro research has also shown Maitake can stimulate immune system cells.[4] An in vivo experiment showed that Maitake could stimulate both the innate immune system and adaptive immune system.[5]

In vitro research has shown Maitake can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines (human prostatic cancer cells, Hep 3B cells, SGC-7901 cells, murine skin carcinoma cells)[6][7][8][9] as well as inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells (canine cancer cells, bladder cancer cells).[10][11][12] Small studies with human cancer patients, revealed a portion of the Maitake mushroom, known as the "Maitake D-fraction", possess anti-cancer activity.[13][14] In vitro research demonstrated the mushroom has potential anti-metastatic properties.[15] In 1997, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an Investigational New Drug Application for a portion of the mushroom.[16]

Research has shown Maitake has a hypoglycemic effect, and may be beneficial for the management of diabetes.[17][18][19][20][21][22] The reason Maitake lowers blood sugar is due to the fact the mushroom naturally contains a alpha glucosidase inhibitor.[23]

Maitake contains antioxidants and may partially inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase.[24] An experiment showed that an exact of Maitake inhibited angiogenesis via inhibition of the growth factor VEGF.[25]

[edit] Maitake gallery

Maitake mushroom

Maitake mushroom

Maitake mushroom

Maitake mushroom

Wild Hen of the Woods on an old oak tree.

Wild Hen of the Woods.

Wild Hen of the Woods on an oak tree.
Klapperschwamm (Grifola frondosa).jpg

Multiple pictures showing Maitake mushrooms growing from a mushroom kit that was purchased online.
Grifola frondosa JPG1.jpg

[edit] See also

Medicinal mushrooms

[edit] References

  1. ^ Deng G, Lin H, Seidman A, Fornier M, (Mar 2009), "A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients: immunological effects.", J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 135 (9): 1215, doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0562-z, ISSN 0171-5216, PMID 19253021 
  2. ^ Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. (Winter 2003), "Effect of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the activation of NK cells in cancer patients.", J Med Food. (Japan) 6 (4): 371–7, doi:10.1089/109662003772519949, ISSN 1096-620X, PMID 14977447 
  3. ^ Kodama N, Komuta K, Sakai N, Nanba H. (Dec 2002), "Effects of D-Fraction, a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on tumor growth involve activation of NK cells." (Free full text), Biol Pharm Bull. 25 (12): 1647–50, doi:10.1248/bpb.25.1647, ISSN 0918-6158, PMID 12499658, http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bpb/25.1647?from=PubMed 
  4. ^ Kodama N, Asakawa A, Inui A, Masuda Y, Nanba H (Mar 2005), "Enhancement of cytotoxicity of NK cells by D-Fraction, a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa.", Oncol Rep. 13 (3): 497–502, ISSN 1021-335X, PMID 15706424 
  5. ^ Kodama N, Murata Y, Nanba H. (Summer 2004), "Administration of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa stimulates immune function of normal mice.", J Med Food. 7 (2): 141–5, doi:10.1089/1096620041224012, ISSN 1096-620X, PMID 15298759 
  6. ^ Fullerton SA, Samadi AA (Spring 2000), "Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan (Maitake mushroom polysaccharide).", Mol Urol. 4 (1): 7–13, ISSN 1091-5362, PMID 10851301 
  7. ^ Lin JT, Liu WH (Oct 2006), "o-Orsellinaldehyde from the submerged culture of the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa exhibits selective cytotoxic effect against Hep 3B cells through apoptosis.", J Agric Food Chem. 4 (54): 7564–9, doi:10.1021/jf0616762, ISSN 0021-8561, PMID 17002422 
  8. ^ Cui, Li, Xu (April 2007), "Induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by polysaccharide-peptide GFPS1b from the cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa GF9801.", Toxicol in Vitro. 21 (3): 417–27, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.10.004, ISSN 0887-2333, PMID 17150327 
  9. ^ Gu YH, Belury MA. (Mar 2005), "Selective induction of apoptosis in murine skin carcinoma cells (CH72) by an ethanol extract of Lentinula edodes.", Cancer Lett. 220 (1): 21–8, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.037, ISSN 0304-3835, PMID 15737684 
  10. ^ Konno S. (Winter 2004), "Potential growth inhibitory effect of maitake D-fraction on canine cancer cells.", Vet Ther. 5 (4): 263–71, ISSN 1528-3593, PMID 15719326 
  11. ^ Konno S. (Mar 2007), "Effect of various natural products on growth of bladder cancer cells: two promising mushroom extracts.", Altern Med Rev. 12 (1): 63–8, ISSN 1089-5159, PMID 17397268 
  12. ^ Nanba H. (Sep 1995), "Activity of maitake D-fraction to inhibit carcinogenesis and metastasis.", Ann N Y Acad Sci. 768: 243–5, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb12130.x, ISSN 0077-8923, PMID 8526356 
  13. ^ Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. (Jun 2002), "Can maitake MD-fraction aid cancer patients?" (Free full text), Altern Med Rev. 7 (3): 236–9, ISSN 1089-5159, PMID 12126464, http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/7/3/236.pdf 
  14. ^ Nanba H, Kubo K. (Dec 1997), "Effect of Maitake D-fraction on cancer prevention.", Ann N Y Acad Sci. 833: 204–7, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48611.x, ISSN 0077-8923, PMID 9616756 
  15. ^ Masuda Y, Murata Y, Hayashi M, Nanba H. (Jun 2008), "Inhibitory effect of MD-Fraction on tumor metastasis: involvement of NK cell activation and suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lung vascular endothelial cells." (Free full text), Biol Pharm Bull. 31 (6): 1104–8, doi:10.1248/bpb.31.1104, ISSN 0918-6158, PMID 18520039, http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bpb/31.1104?from=PubMed 
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ Konno S, Tortorelis DG, Fullerton SA, Samadi AA, Hettiarachchi J, Tazaki H. (Dec 2001), "A possible hypoglycaemic effect of maitake mushroom on Type 2 diabetic patients.", Diabet Med. 18 (12): 1010, doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00532-5.x, ISSN 0742-3071, PMID 11903406 
  18. ^ Hong L, Xun M, Wutong W. (Apr 2007), "Anti-diabetic effect of an alpha-glucan from fruit body of maitake (Grifola frondosa) on KK-Ay mice.", J Pharm Pharmacol 59 (4): 575–82, doi:10.1211/jpp.59.4.0013, ISSN 0022-3573, PMID 17430642 
  19. ^ Kubo K, Aoki H, Nanba H. (Aug 1994), "Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). I.", Biol Pharm Bull. 17 (8): 1106–10, ISSN 0918-6158, PMID 7820117 
  20. ^ Lo HC, Hsu TH, Chen CY. (2008), "Submerged culture mycelium and broth of Grifola frondosa improve glycemic responses in diabetic rats.", Am J Chin Med. 36 (2): 265–85, doi:10.1142/S0192415X0800576X, ISSN 0192-415X, PMID 18457360 
  21. ^ Manohar V, Talpur NA, Echard BW, Lieberman S, Preuss HG. (Jan 2002), "Effects of a water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose/insulin concentrations in KK mice.", Diabetes Obes Metab. 4 (1): 43–8, doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2002.00180.x, ISSN 1462-8902, PMID 11874441 
  22. ^ Horio H, Ohtsuru M. (Feb 2001), "Maitake (Grifola frondosa) improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats.", J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 47 (1): 57–63, ISSN 0301-4800, PMID 11349892 
  23. ^ Matsuur, H; Asakawa; Kurimoto; Mizutani (2002), "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the seeds of balsam pear (Momordica charantia) and the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa.", Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 66 (7): 1576–8, doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1576, PMID 12224646 
  24. ^ Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG. (Dec 2002), "Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the mycelia of the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa.", J Agric Food Chem. 50 (26): 7581–5, doi:10.1021/jf0257648, ISSN 0021-8561, PMID 12475274 
  25. ^ Lee JS, Park BC, Ko YJ, (Dec 2008), "Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom) water extract inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation.", J Med Food. 11 (4): 643–51, doi:10.1089/jmf.2007.0629, ISSN 1096-620X, PMID 19053855 
  1. ¨Masuda Y, Murata Y, Hayashi M, Nanba H. Inhibitory effect of MD-Fraction on tumor metastasis: involvement of NK cell activation and suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lung vascular endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008 Jun;31(6):1104-8¨
  2. ¨Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. Can Maitake MD-fraction aid cancer patients? Altern Med Rev 2002;7:236-9.¨
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifola_frondosa"