Manitoba

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Manitoba
A red flag with a large Union Jack in the upper left corner and a shield, consisting of St. George's Cross over a left-facing bison standing on a rock, on the right side A central shield depicting a leftward-facing bison standing on a rock on a green background, under a St George's Cross. On top of the shield sits a helmet turned slightly to the left, decorated with a red and white billowing veil. On top of the helmet sits a leftward-facing beaver with a crown on its back, holding a prairie crocus in its right paw. To the right of the shield is a rearing white unicorn wearing a collar of white and green maple leaves, from which hangs a green cart-wheel pendant. To the left of the shield is a rearing white horse wearing a collar of Indian beadwork, from which hangs a green cycle of life medallion. The animals and shield stand on a mound, with a wheat field beneath the unicorn, seven prairie crocuses beneath the shield, and a forest of spruces beneath the horse. Beneath the mound are white and blue waves, under which is a orange scroll bearing the words "GLORIOSUS ET LIBER"
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Latin: Gloriosus et Liber
("Glorious and free")
Map showing the location of Manitoba, in the centre of Southern Canada, in orange. The province has a coast on Hudson's Bay to the northeast, and has a large lake slightly to the south of its centre
Capital Winnipeg
Largest city Winnipeg
Largest metro Winnipeg
Official languages English, French (de facto)
Demonym Manitoban
Government
Lieutenant Governor Philip S. Lee
Premier Greg Selinger (NDP)
Federal representation in Canadian Parliament
House seats 14
Senate seats 6
Confederation July 15, 1870 (5th)
Area  Ranked 8th
Total 649,950 km2 (250,950 sq mi)
Land 548,360 km2 (211,720 sq mi)
Water (%) 101,593 km2 (39,225 sq mi) (15.6%)
Population  Ranked 5th
Total (2009) 1,213,815 (est.)[1]
Density 2.14 /km2 (5.5 /sq mi)
GDP  Ranked 6th
Total (2006) C$44.757  billion[2]
Per capita C$38,001 (8th)
Abbreviations
Postal MB
ISO 3166-2 CA-MB
Time zone UTC-6, (DST −5)
Postal code prefix R
Flower Prairie Crocus
Tree White Spruce
Bird Great Grey Owl
Website www.gov.mb.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Manitoba (pronounced /ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə/ ( listen)) is a Canadian prairie province with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi). It is bordered to the east by the province of Ontario and to the west by Saskatchewan, the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories are to the north, the American states of North Dakota and Minnesota are to the south and in the northeast it has a saltwater coastline on Hudson Bay. Agriculture, found especially in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, dominates the province's economy; other major industries include transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.

In 2006, Manitoba had a population of 1,213,815 (730,305 of which was in the Winnipeg Capital Region). The largest ethnic group is English, but there is a significant Franco-Manitobain minority and a growing aboriginal population. Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and has Canada's seventh-largest municipality. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Provincial Court. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.

The name "Manitoba" ("great spirit") is believed to be derived from the Cree, Ojibwe or Assiniboine languages.[3] Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba entered Confederation on July 15, 1870, after the Red River Rebellion, and was the first province to join Canada under the British North America Act (BNA Act) after the original four provinces. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties.

Contents


[edit] Geography

Main articles: Geography of Manitoba and List of protected areas of Manitoba
A map of Manitoba showing elevation and major lakes. The land is lower to the northeast near the coast of Hudson Bay and higher to the southeast. There is one large lake and several smaller lakes in the centre of the south portion of the province.
Relief of Manitoba

Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south.

[edit] Hydrography and terrain

The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and contains over 110,000 lakes,[4] covering approximately 15.6% or 101,593 square kilometres (39,225 sq mi) of its surface area.[5] Major Manitoba lakes include Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg; the last of these is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world and the largest located entirely within southern Canada.[6] Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on the east side of Lake Winnipeg are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7] Major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill Rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south lies in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley is flat and fertile; however, there are hilly and rocky areas throughout the province left behind by receding glaciers.[8]

A large body of water under a clouded sky at sunset, with coastline visible on the right
Lake Winnipeg

Baldy Mountain is the highest point at 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level,[9] and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Other upland areas include Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks.[10]


Extensive agriculture is only found in the southern half of the province, although there is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near the The Pas). The most common agricultural activity is cattle farming (34.6%), followed by assorted grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[11] Around 12% of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[12]

[edit] Climate

Main article: Climate of Manitoba
A funnel cloud touching down in the middle of a small stand of pine trees
Canada's first Fujita Scale F5 tornado approaching Elie.

Manitoba has an extreme continental climate; temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north, and precipitation decreases from east to west.[13] Manitoba is far removed from the moderating influences of both mountain ranges and large bodies of water, and because of the generally flat landscape, it is exposed to cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the northwest during January and February. In the summer, air masses often come out of the Southern United States, as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico.[14]

Southern parts of the province, located just north of Tornado Alley, experience tornadoes each year, with 15 confirmed touchdowns in 2006. In 2007, on June 22 and June 23, numerous tornadoes touched down, including an F5 Tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest officially recorded tornado in Canada).[15] Temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid-40s.[16] Carman, Manitoba, reached the extreme of 53.0 with the humidex, which set the highest temperature reached with the humidity in Canada.[17]

According to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round, and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for sunniest province in the winter and spring.[18] Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days in summer in Canada; Winnipeg has the second-clearest skies year-round and is the second-sunniest city in Canada in the spring and winter.[19] Southern Manitoba has a long frost-free season of between 125 and 135 days in the Red River Valley,[20] decreasing to the northeast.

The northern sections of the province (including the city of Thompson) fall in the subarctic climate zone (Koppen Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation.[21] Overnight lows as low as −40 °C (−40.0 °F) occur on several days each winter, and the temperature may remain below −18 °C (−0.4 °F) for weeks.[21]

City[22] July (°C)[22] July (°F)[22] January (°C)[22] January (°F)[22]
Winnipeg 26/13 79/55 −13/−20 9/−4
Portage la Prairie 25/13 77/55 −12/−23 10/−9
Dauphin 25/12 77/54 −12/−23 10/−9
Brandon 25/11 77/52 −13/−24 9/−11
The Pas 23/12 73/54 −16/−26 3/−15
Thompson 23/9 73/48 −19/−31 −2/−24
Two small children run across an uneven expanse of sand
The Spirit Sands desert in Spruce Woods Provincial Park.

The southwestern corner (including the city of Brandon) has a semi-arid mid-latitude steppe climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The region is drier than other parts of southern Manitoba and very drought-prone.[23] It is cold and windy in the winter and is the region most prone to blizzards in the winter because of the openness of the landscape.[23] Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity.[23] The remainder of southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Koppen Dfb). Temperatures here are similar to the semi-arid climate zone, but this region is the most humid area in the Prairie Provinces with moderate precipitation.[24]

[edit] Flora and fauna

The eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches of the province range through boreal coniferous forests, muskeg, Canadian Shield and a small section of tundra bordering Hudson Bay. Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or 48 percent, of the province's land area.[25] The forests consist of pines (mostly Jack Pine, some Red Pine), spruces (white, black), larch, poplars (Trembling Aspen, balsam poplar), birch (white, swamp) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar.[25] The tallgrass prairie dominates the southern parts of the province, and is notable for its endangered Western Prairie Fringed Orchid.[26][27]

Manitoba is home to diverse species of animals. The province is especially noted for its polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred to as the "Polar Bear Capital".[28] Other large animals, including moose, deer, and wolves, are common throughout the province, especially in the provincial and national parks. There is a large population of garter snakes near Narcisse; the dens there are home to the largest concentration of snakes in the world.[29]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Manitoba

[edit] First Nations and European settlement

The geographical area now named Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area.[30] Aboriginal settlements of Ojibwa, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples were founded, along with other tribes that entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, some areas were mined for quartz to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.[31] The name "Manitoba" is likely derived from the Cree or Ojibwe and means "strait of the Manitou (spirit)". It may also be from the Assiniboine for "Lake of the Prairie".[32]

Red flag with British Union Jack in upper left corner and the letters HBC in lower right corner
Historical flag of the Hudson's Bay Company from its days as a British trading company.

In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.[33] In 1619, explorer Jens Munk in search of the Northwest Passage, wintered on the Churchill River, where all but three of his party died.[34] The Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, becoming the first trading voyage to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, which was given the fur trading rights to the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.[35] York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original main fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by French traders.[36] The first European to reach present-day central and southern Manitoba was Sir Thomas Button, who travelled upstream along the Nelson River and Lake Winnipeg in 1612.[37] Exploring from 1690 to 1691, Henry Kelsey was the first European known to have seen the prairie grasslands, the great buffalo herds, the grizzly bears, and the Plains Indians.[38]

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Vérendrye, visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and the fur trade.[39] As French explorers entered the area, a Montreal-based fur-trading company, the North West Company, began trading with the Métis. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts, and the two companies competed in the southern areas until they amalgamated in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).[35] Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 as a result of the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, resulted in conflict between the British colonists and the Métis.[40] Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.[41]

[edit] Confederation

When Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories, a lack of attention to Métis concerns led their leader Louis Riel to establish a provisional government as part of the Red River Rebellion. Negotiations between the provisional and Canadian governments resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba and its entry into Confederation in 1870.[42] However, Louis Riel was pursued by Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and he fled into exile.[43] The Métis were blocked by the Canadian government in their attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.[42]

When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P. E. I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.

Originally, the province of Manitoba was a square, only 1/18 of its current size, and was known as the "postage stamp province".[44] Its borders were expanded in 1881, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. It grew progressively, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories until it attained its current size by reaching 60°N in 1912.[44]

Initially, the subject of provincial status did not come up during the negotiations between Canada, the United Kingdom and the Hudson's Bay Company. It was assumed that territorial status was granted in the Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert's Land in 1869.[42] Louis Riel first introduced the subject of provincial status to the Committee of Forty appointed by the citizens of Red River in 1870. Riel's proposal to Donald Alexander Smith, emissary for the government of Canada, was rejected by the government of John A. Macdonald. The list of demands from Riel prompted the government of Canada to act on a proposal of its own regarding Red River's status. John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the Canadian House of Commons without raising the issue; the bill was given Royal Assent and Manitoba joined Canada as a province.[42]

Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of various First Nations that lived in the area. These treaties made quite specific promises of land for every family. This led to a reserve system under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government.[45] Land claim issues arose because the proper amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given.[46]

The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Franco-Manitobains had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among Protestants from 1888–1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law abolishing French as an official language of the province and removing funding for Catholic schools.[47] The French Catholic minority asked the federal Government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide.[48] The Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba's legislation, but they in turn were blocked by Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier, who opposed the remedial legislation based on his belief in provincial rights.[47] Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier proposed a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba could have Catholic teaching for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, on a school-by-school basis.[47]

[edit] Modern times

Winnipeg was the third-largest city in Canada by 1911, and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s.[49] A boomtown, it grew quickly around the turn of the century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success.[50] Old mansions and estates attest to Winnipeg's growing wealthy class during that period, as does the growth of the railway system at the time. The drop in growth was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, and a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of World War I.[51] Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, fourteen Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross.[52]

Large group of people in the middle of a city street beside a large concrete building
Crowd gathered outside the old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike, June 21, 1919.

After World War I ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism, coupled with a polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in Russia.[53] The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. It began May 15 and continued until the strike collapsed on June 25, 1919; the workers were gradually returning to their jobs, and the Central Strike Committee decided to end the strike. Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a charge into a crowd of strikers by the Royal Northwest Mounted Police that resulted in multiple casualties and one death and the arrest of the strike leaders, contributed to this decision.[54] In the aftermath of the strike, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal combinations, and seditious libel; four were aliens who were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act.[55]

The Great Depression hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from wheat production.[56] The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was founded in 1932, the forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP). Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots for World War II, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organised "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million for the war effort.[57]

A concrete and metal structure spans a section of choppy water
Control gates at the inlet to the Floodway

Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation, permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over $400 million in damages in Manitoba, but the Floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.[58]

In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act. Unanimous support in the Legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. MLA Elijah Harper opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.[59]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Manitoba
See also: List of cities in Manitoba

Manitoba has a population of 1,213,815, more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital Region (which has a total population of 730,305); Winnipeg is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area. Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population located in a single city.[60]

Population of Manitoba since 1871

Year Population Five Year
 % change		 Ten Year
 % change		 Rank Among
Provinces
1871 25,228 n/a n/a 8
1881 62,260 n/a 146.8 6
1891 152,506 n/a 145 5
1901 255,211 n/a 67.3 5
1911 461,394 n/a 80.8 5
1921 610,118 n/a 32.2 4
1931 700,139 n/a 14.8 5
1941 729,744 n/a 4.2 6
1951 776,541 n/a 6.4 6
1956 850,040 9.5 n/a 6
1961 921,686 8.4 18.7 6
1966 963,066 4.5 13.3 5
1971 988,245 2.3 7.2 5
1976 1,021,505 3.4 6.1 5
1981 1,026,241 0.4 3.8 5
1986 1,063,015 3.6 4.1 5
1991 1,091,942 2.7 6.4 5
1996 1,113,898 2.0 4.8 5
2001 1,119,583 0.5 2.5 5
2006 1,177,765 5.2 5.7 5
Source: Statistics Canada[61][62]
Largest municipalities by population
City 2001 2006
Winnipeg 619,544 633,451
Brandon 39,716 41,511
Thompson 13,256 13,446
Portage la Prairie 12,976 12,728
Steinbach 9,227 11,066
Selkirk 9,752 9,515
Winkler 7,943 9,106
Dauphin 8,085 7,906
Table source: Statistics Canada

According to the 2006 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (22.9%), followed by German (19.1%), Scottish (18.5%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Irish (13.4%), North American Indian (10.6%), Polish (7.3%), Métis (6.4%), French (5.6%), Dutch (4.9%), and Russian (4.0%)—although almost one-fifth of respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".[63] There are a number of ethnic enclaves throughout the province, where one ethnicity is predominant; examples include Gimli (Icelandic) and St. Boniface (Franco-Manitobain). There is a significant aboriginal community: aboriginals are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic group, representing 13.6% of Manitoba's census population as of 2001 (some reserves have refused to allow census-takers to enumerate their populations).[64]

Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2001 census, 758,760 Manitobans (68.7%) reported being Christian, followed by 13,040 (1.2%) Jewish, 5,745 (0.5%) Buddhist, 5,485 (0.5%) Sikh, 5,095 (0.5%) Muslim, 3,840 (0.3%) Hindu, 3,415 (0.3%) Aboriginal spirituality and 995 (0.1%) pagan.[65] 201,825 Manitobans (18.3%) reported no religious affiliation in the 2001 census.[65] The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 292,970 (27%); the United Church of Canada with 176,820 (16%); and the Anglican Church of Canada with 85,890 (8%).[65]

[edit] Transportation

See also: List of bridges in Canada and List of Manitoba provincial highways
An industrial seaport sits on the coast of a large body of water
Port of Churchill

Transportation and warehousing contributes approximately $2.2 billion to Manitoba’s GDP. Total employment in the industry is estimated at 34,500.[66] The Trans-Canada Highway crosses the province from east to west.[67]

Trucks haul 95% of land freight in Manitoba, and trucking companies account for 80% of Manitoba's merchandise trade to the United States.[68] Five of Canada's twenty-five largest employers in for-hire trucking are headquartered in Manitoba, and three of Canada's ten largest employers in the for-hire trucking industry are headquartered in Winnipeg.[68] $1.18 billion of Manitoba's GDP directly or indirectly comes from trucking.[68] Around 5% of the population (33,000 people) work in the trucking industry.[68]

Domestic and international bus service from the Winnipeg Bus Terminal is offered by Greyhound Canada, Grey Goose Bus Lines and Jefferson Lines. The terminal was relocated from downtown Winnipeg to the airport in 2009, and is a Greyhound hub.[69] There are local transit systems in place within municipalities.

Manitoba has two Class I railways: Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both companies maintain large inter-modal terminals in the city. CN and CPR operate a combined 2,439 kilometres (1,516 mi) of track in Manitoba.[68] VIA Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small regional and short-line railways exist in the province. They are the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Railway. Together, they operate approximately 1,775 kilometres (1,103 mi) of track in the province.[68]

Two canoes sit on the rocky bank of a river in front of a large concrete bridge with vehicles driving across it
The Kichi Sipi Bridge (Provincial Road 373)

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System.[70] It has a broad range of passenger and cargo services and served over 3.5 million people in 2007, which is over the maximum capacity of 600,000 the current terminal was to handle.[70] The airport handles approximately 195,000 tonnes (430,000,000 lb) of cargo annually, making it the third largest in the country.[70] The airport is undergoing major redevelopment, with the construction of a new terminal, parkade, and luxury hotel. Eleven regional passenger carriers and nine smaller and charter carriers operate out of the airport, as well as eleven air cargo carriers and seven freight forwarders.[68] Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx and Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.[68] Air Canada Cargo and Cargojet Airways use the airport as a major hub for national traffic.

The Port of Churchill, owned by OmniTRAX, is Canada's main window to the Arctic Ocean, to Russia, and inland to China. The port of Churchill is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada.[71] The port is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada and a part of the closest shipping route between North America and Asia.[71] It has four deep-sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels.[68] The port is linked by the Hudson Bay Railway (also owned by OmniTRAX). Grain represented 90% of the port’s traffic in the 2004 shipping season.[68] In that year, over 600,000 tonnes (1.3×109 lb) of agricultural product was shipped through the port.[68]

[edit] Economy

See also: List of companies based in Manitoba
Skyline of an urban area with several tall skyscrapers surrounded by trees
Downtown Winnipeg from the south.

Manitoba's economy grew 2.4% in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth.[72] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was $25,100, compared to a national average of $26,500 and ranking fifth-highest among the provinces.[73] As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate is 5.8%.[74]

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on tourism, energy, agriculture, oil, minerals, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital to Manitoba's economy and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although there is grain farming found as far north as The Pas. Around 12% of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[12] The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming (34.6%),[11] followed by other grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[11] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans,[75] and one of the leading potato producers. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing center, and is home to the McCain Foods and Simplot potato processing plants, which provide French fries for McDonald's, Wendy's, and other commercial restaurant chains.[76] Can-Oat Milling, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.[77]

Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations like Manitoba Hydro, and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers include The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and James Richardson and Sons Ltd.[78] Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers.[79] Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, which is the only link along the shortest shipping route between North America, Europe, and Asia.[71]

[edit] Economic history

A line of wooden carts with wagon wheels pulled by oxen move down a path through a prairie
Red River cart train

Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off of the land. Aboriginal Nations (including the Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred around the trade of beaver pelts and other furs.[80] Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[81] though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.[80] HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming.[80] Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification.[56]

[edit] Government

Main articles: Politics of Manitoba and Monarchy in Manitoba
A large concrete building with Classical-style columns and a green dome topped by a golden statue
Manitoba Legislature, meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.[82] The executive branch is formed by the majority party; the party leader is the Premier of Manitoba, the head of the executive branch. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister.[83] The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring that Manitoba always has a duly constituted government.[83] Manitoba is represented in federal politics by fourteen Members of Parliament and six Senators.[84][85]

The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on July 14, 1870. After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories.[86] The Legislative Assembly consists of the fifty-seven Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba.[87] Manitoba's primary political parties are the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba and the Manitoba Liberal Party.

The current premier of Manitoba is Greg Selinger of the NDP, who replaced Gary Doer to lead the NDP majority government of thirty-six seats.[88] The Progressive Conservative Party holds nineteen seats, and the Liberal Party has two seats but does not have official party status in the Manitoba Legislature.[88] The last general election was held Tuesday, May 22, 2007.[88] Historically, political parties first appeared between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives).[89] The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932 to form the dominant political party.[89] Other parties, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the Liberal party gradually declined in power.[89] The CCF became the NDP, which came to power in 1969.[89] Since then, the Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties.[89]

Manitoba's judiciary consists of three courts: the Court of Appeal, the Court of Queen's Bench, and the Provincial Court. The Provincial Court is primarily a criminal court; 95% of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard in this court.[90] The Court of Queen's Bench is the highest trial court in Manitoba. It has four jurisdictions: family law (child and family services cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable offences), and appeals for Provincial Court decisions. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both the Court of Queen's Bench and the Provincial Court; decisions of this court can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.[91]

[edit] Official languages

English and French are the official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according to the Manitoba Act, 1870 (which forms part of the Constitution of Canada). In April 1890, the Manitoba legislature introduced a measure to abolish the official status of the French language in the legislature, in the laws, in records and journals, and in the Courts of Manitoba. The Manitoba Legislature ceased to publish legislation in French. However, in 1985 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that §23 still applied, and that legislation published only in English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation).[92]

Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch (except when performing legislative or judicial functions).[93] Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual, and as reflected in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, the only bilingual province is New Brunswick. The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages.[94] Services to the public are accessible in both English and French.[95]

[edit] Education

See also: Higher education in Manitoba and Manitoba Public Schools Act

The first school in Manitoba was founded in 1818 by Roman Catholic missionaries in present-day Winnipeg; the first Protestant school was established in 1820.[96] A provincial board of education was established in 1871; it was responsible for public schools and curriculum, and represented both Catholics and Protestants.[97] The Manitoba Schools Question led to funding for French Catholic schools largely being withdrawn in favour of the English Protestant majority.[98]

Today, public schools in Manitoba fall under the jurisdiction of one of thirty-seven school divisions within the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal government).[99] Legislation making education compulsory for children between seven and fourteen was first enacted in 1916, and the leaving age was raised to sixteen in 1962.[100] Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, of which three are boarding schools.[101] These schools are required to follow the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements. There are forty-four non-funded independent schools, which are not required to meet those requirements.[102]

There are five universities in Manitoba,[103] which are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. Four of these universities—the University of Manitoba, the Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, the Canadian Mennonite University and the University of Winnipeg—are in Winnipeg. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is the oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and located in Brandon, is the province's newest university.[104]

Manitoba has thirty-eight public libraries; of these, twelve have significant French-language collections and eight have significant collections in other languages.[105] Twenty-one of these are part of the Winnipeg Public Library system. The first lending library in Manitoba was founded in 1848.[106]

[edit] Sports

Manitoba has four professional sports teams: the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian Football League), the Manitoba Moose (American Hockey League), the Winnipeg Goldeyes (Northern League), and the Winnipeg Alliance (Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League). At one time, the province had a National Hockey League team (the Winnipeg Jets), but the team moved to Phoenix, Arizona due to financial troubles and are now the Phoenix Coyotes.[107] The Western Hockey League's Wheat Kings are based in Brandon.

The province is represented in university athletics by the University of Manitoba Bisons, the University of Winnipeg Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (the regional division of Canadian Interuniversity Sport).[108]

[edit] Culture

Manitoba's culture has been influenced by both traditional (Aboriginal and Métis) and modern Canadian artistic values, as well as aspects of the cultures of its immigrant populations and its American neighbours. The Minister of Culture, Heritage, Tourism and Sport is the cabinet minister responsible for promoting and, to some extent, financing Manitoban culture.[109] Manitoba is the birthplace of the Red River Jig, a combination of aboriginal pow-wows and European reels that was popular among early settlers.[110] Manitoba's traditional music has strong roots in Métis and Aboriginal culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of the Métis.[111] Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical European traditions. The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), based in Winnipeg, is Canada's oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II.[112] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall.

Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language theatre in Canada,[113] and Manitoba Theatre Centre (MTC, founded 1958) is the oldest English-language regional theatre.[114] Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first English-language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school.[115] The Winnipeg Art Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the country, hosts an art school for children; the WAG's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian art.[116][117]

A man in a short-sleeved plaid shirt sits at a keyboard and sings into a microphone
Manitoban rocker Neil Young

The 1960s pop supergroup The Guess Who was the first Canadian band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States;[118] Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later created Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO).[119] Fellow rocker Neil Young played with Stephen Stills in the band Buffalo Springfield, and again with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[120] Soft-rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in the late 1980s in Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year.[121]

Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, including The Stone Angel, based on the Margaret Laurence book of the same title, The Saddest Music in the World, Foodland, For Angela, and My Winnipeg. Major films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote,[122] both of which received Academy Award nominations.[123] Falcon Beach, an internationally broadcast television drama, was filmed at Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.[124] Manitoba has appeared in popular American television shows, including in an episode of The Simpsons.[125]

Manitoba has a strong literary tradition. Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's Award for Fiction in 1936.[126] Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip For Better or For Worse, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame.[127] Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel and The Jest of God were set in Manawaka, a fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter won the Governor General's Award in 1966.[128] Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for The Stone Diaries.[129] Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award three times.[126] A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $20 bill.[130]

[edit] Festivals and museums

A group of eight young people wearing plaid kilts, green shirts, knee-high socks and navy berets stand on stage in a line, four playing bagpipes, four playing drums
Folklorama 2005, Scottish Pavilion

Cultural festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest festivals centred in Winnipeg. The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten-day winter festival held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is Western Canada's largest winter festival.[131] The event celebrates Canada's fur-trading past and French heritage and culture. Folklorama, a cultural festival run by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each year, of which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg residents.[131][132] The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival, the second-largest festival of its kind in North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe Festival).[133]

Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province's heritage. The Manitoba Museum is the largest museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from prehistory to the 1920s.[134] The full-size replica of the Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[135] The Manitoba Children's Museum at the The Forks presents exhibits for children.[136] The Canadian Museum for Human Rights will on completion be the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region.[137] There are two museums dedicated to the native flora and fauna of Manitoba: the Living Prairie Museum, a tall grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and wildflowers, and FortWhyte Alive, a park encompassing prairie, lake, forest and wetland habitats, home to a large herd of bison.[138] The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada.[139] Other museums feature the history of aviation, marine transport, and railways in the area.

[edit] Media

Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press and the Winnipeg Sun. There are several ethnic weekly newspapers,[140] and regional and national magazines based in the city. Brandon has two regular local newspapers: the Brandon Sun and the Wheat City Journal.[141] Many small towns have local newspapers, and some receive deliveries of Brandon or Winnipeg papers.

There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. The Global Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city.[142] Most small towns are served by rebroadcasts of Winnipeg or Brandon television stations, sometimes with the addition of local programming. Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.[143] Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman Communications Group.[143] In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and local broadcasters. CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province.[144] NCI is devoted to Aboriginal programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities and to larger cities.[145]

[edit] Armed forces

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (CFB Winnipeg) is a Canadian Forces Base co-located at the Winnipeg International Airport. CFB Winnipeg is home to flight operations support divisions and several training schools. It is the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters.[146] 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based in Winnipeg near the airport. The Wing has three squadrons and six schools.[147] It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel north to the high Arctic. 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.[147]

A red and white floatplane sits on the surface of a lake beside a dock
de Havilland Canada C-FUKN piston Otter on floats in Manitoba

The two Air Force squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the Canadian Forces Air Navigation School’s Air Navigators and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs;[148] and the 435 (“Chinthe” Transport and Rescue Squadron), which flies the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refueling of fighter aircraft.[147]

Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces located 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.[149] CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, and the Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo lodges training units such as the Western Area Training Centre Detachment Shilo and the Communications Reserve School. It serves as a base for support units of Land Force Western Area, including 731 Signals Squadron.[149]

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