Manuel Fraga Iribarne

This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Fraga and the second or maternal family name is Iribarne.

Manuel Fraga Iribarne
Manuel Fraga in 1989
Designated Spanish Senator for Galicia
In office 25 March 2008 – 15 January 2012
Preceded by	Corina Porro
3rd President of the Xunta of Galicia
In office 5 February 1990 – 2 August 2005
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Preceded by	Fernando González Laxe
Succeeded by	Emilio Pérez Touriño
Minister of the Interior
In office 1975–1976
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Preceded by	José García Hernández
Succeeded by	Rodolfo Martín Villa
Minister of Information and Tourism
In office 10 July 1962 – 29 October 1969
Leader	Francisco Franco
Preceded by	Gabriel Arias-Salgado
Succeeded by	Alfredo Sánchez Bella
Personal details
Born	23 November 1922(1922-11-23) Vilalba, Galicia, Spain
Died	15 January 2012(2012-01-15) (aged 89) Madrid, Spain
Nationality	Spanish
Political party	People's Party
Other political affiliations	People's Alliance Democratic Reform
Spouse(s)	Carmen Estévez Eguiagaray
Children	Carmen Fraga Estévez
Residence	Madrid, Spain
Alma mater	University of Santiago de Compostela
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Manuel Fraga Iribarne (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnwel ˈfɾaɣa iɾiˈβarne]; 23 November 1922 – 15 January 2012) was a Spanish People's Party politician. Fraga's career as one of the key political figures in Spain straddles both General Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime and the subsequent transition to democracy. He served as the President of the Xunta of Galicia from 1990 to 2005 and as a Senator until November 2011. He was one of the few Honoris Causa Doctors of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon.

Franco Regime

Fraga was born in Vilalba, Lugo Province, Galicia. Trained in law, economics and political science, he began his political career in 1945, during Francisco Franco's dictatorship.

Between 1962 and 1969 he served as Minister for Information and Tourism, and played a major role in the revitalization of Spanish tourist industry, leading a campaign under the slogan Spain is different!, which nowadays is a common phrase to joke about Spanish mentality. On March 8, 1966 he attempted to dispel fears of a nuclear accident after the Palomares hydrogen bombs incident by swimming in the contaminated water with the American ambassador, Angier Biddle Duke. He also introduced an a posteriori censorship law, which was based on lifting pre-publication censorship and a reduction in its strictness.

Grimau Case 1967: Julián Grimau, one of the PCE leaders, was ambushed while traveling by bus, the only other two passengers being members of the Spanish secret police. He was taken to the Puerta del Sol headquarters of the General Security Directorate (DGS, nowadays the seat of the Comunidad de Madrid administration). Grimau fell from a second-storey window, suffering serious injuries to his skull and both of his wrists. He later explained to his lawyers that he had been subject to torture while in the building, and had actually been flung arms forward by his investigators. The Minister of the Interior Manuel Fraga Iribarne replied that Grimau had been treated with care, and had thrown himself out the window for an "unexplainable" reason - which appears to be highly improbable. The government met on April 19, in a session that lasted ten hours: although Fernando Castiella, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, declared himself in favor of the pardon (bearing in mind the consequences on Spain's image), his opposition was timid. Franco imposed voting on the matter, and the final verdict was unanimity with the Manuel Fraga support for Grimau's execution.

A certain sexual liberality in films was popularly summarized in the expression Con Fraga hasta la braga ("With Fraga [you can see] even the panties").

The First Government of the Monarchy

After a brief period as Spain's ambassador in the United Kingdom, which ended with Franco's death (1975), Manuel Fraga was appointed vice president and Interior Minister (Ministro de Gobernación) in 1976, under Carlos Arias Navarro's government, the first with Juan Carlos I as chief of state. Until that moment, Fraga was known as a heavy-handed politician, though also seen as one of the reformers seeking a liberalisation from within the regime, but the drastic measures he took as chief of state security during the first days of the Spanish transition to democracy deeply damaged his popularity. The phrase "¡La calle es mía!" ("The streets are mine!") was attributed to him. This phrase was his answer to complaints of police repression of street protests. He claimed that the streets did not belong to "people" but to the State. He was a known admirer of Cánovas del Castillo. During the Spanish transition to democracy, the Church of St. Francis of Assisi was the scene of the March 3 Killing of 1976 after clashes between police and striking workers. Under the orders of Interior Minister Manuel Fraga, the police stormed on a shooting spree into a packed church into which demonstrators had retreated, resulting in five dead and over 100 wounded, from 4000 people into the church.

Alianza Popular

Fraga was one of the writers of the new Spanish constitution approved in 1978. Along with other former members of Franco's regime, he soon founded the People's Alliance (Alianza Popular - AP), and became its president. The party fared poorly in its first years, but after the 1982 crisis and breakup of the UCD, the moderate-conservative party which had won the first two democratic presidential elections, AP became the second party in Spain, and Fraga was considered Leader of the Opposition to the Socialist government. Nevertheless, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party was enjoying great popularity and an absolute majority winning streak (in the 1982, 1986, and 1989 elections), as AP and its president were generally viewed as too reactionary to be an alternative. Following this critical development, Fraga resigned the presidency of the party in 1986.

Partido Popular

Fraga came back in charge in 1989, determined to stop AP's crisis. With the addition of several lesser Christian democratic parties and the remnants of the Democratic Center Union, he refounded the People's Alliance as the People's Party (Partido Popular - PP). Later in the same year, Fraga encouraged the election of José María Aznar as the party's new president. Fraga was then appointed as honorary president of the PP.

President of the Xunta of Galicia

Manuel Fraga returned to his Galician homeland in 1989, winning that year's presidential election as head of the People's Party in Galicia (PPdeG) which had won a one seat majority in the election. He remained in charge for almost 15 years until the PPdeG lost its overall majority in the Galician election of 2005. Fraga saw his credibility damaged in late 2002, when an oil tanker ship called Prestige sank near the Galician coast causing a massive oil spill that affected the shoreline in the northwest of the region. Fraga was said to be slow to react and unable, or even unwilling, to handle the situation. In 2004, a power struggle between factions of PPdeG further hurt the party's image. Subsequently, in the autonomous elections of 2005, Fraga and the PPdeG lost their absolute majority in the Parliament of Galicia, and despite obtaining elections with a 45% plurality, a left government coalition between the Socialist Party of Galicia (PSdeG) and the Galician Nationalist Bloc was formed with socialist Emilio Pérez Touriño as the new president. Fraga remained on the political scene out of Galicia, as member of the Senate representing the Parliament of Galicia. Alberto Núñez Feijóo, a member of the Galician Popular Party, has been the PPdG head since late 2005.

Fraga was again chosen as a Senator by the Parliament of Galicia in 2008.

Overview

Fraga was one of the writers of the democratic constitution and spent part of his political career lessening the censorship law during dictatorship. However he had openly admitted admiration for General Franco and the regime in public, on several different occasions. He was renowned for his temper tantrums in public at not being referred to or addressed as Don Manuel. He most famously shouted during a television interview, completely unaware the camera was filming and the show was being broadcast live on air. Manuel Fraga Iribarne was probably one of the most important and yet controversial politicians in modern Spain.

To his supporters, Fraga was a Galician hero who throughout his rule, modernised Galicia and built up a fair level of tourism to the region. He built great roads and motorways and in 2000, he approved the Galician Plan to build Spain's first high speed bullet train. However to his opponents he was an authoritarian relic of the Franco era who failed to lift Galicia and its people out of poverty and unemployment.

Despite their political differences, he maintained a friendship with Fidel Castro, himself of Galician descent, who visited him in Galicia in 1992.

Fraga died on 15 January 2012 of a respiratory disease. His funeral was attended by Prince Felipe and Princess Letizia.

See also

• Rodolfo Almirón, former leader of the Argentine Triple A and chief of Manuel Fraga's personal security
• Carmen Fraga Estévez, daughter and EU official.

External links

• [1] Manuel Fraga death's announcement
• PPdeG's official website for the 2005 elections (in Galician)
• Biography of Manuel Fraga (in English)

Political offices
Preceded by Gabriel Arias-Salgado	Spanish Minister of Information and Tourism 1962–1969	Succeeded by Alfredo Sánchez Bella
Preceded by Jose Garcia Hernandez	Spanish Minister of the Interior 1975–1976	Succeeded by Rodolfo Martin Villa
Preceded by Fernando Ignacio González Laxe	President of Galicia 1990–2005	Succeeded by Emilio Perez Touriño
Party political offices
Preceded by Party Founder	Chairman of the Popular Alliance 1979–1987	Succeeded by Antonio Hernandez Mancha
Preceded by Antonio Hernandez Mancha	Chairman of the Popular Party (Spain) 1989–1990	Succeeded by Jose Maria Aznar
Spanish Congress of Deputies
Preceded by Title jointly held	Deputy for Madrid province 1977–1989	Succeeded by Title jointly held