Martin 2-0-2
| Martin 2-0-2 | |
|---|---|
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| Japan Airlines Martin 2-0-2 "Mokusei" (1951) | |
| Role | Airliner |
| Manufacturer | Glenn L. Martin Company |
| First flight | November, 1946 |
| Introduction | August, 1947 |
| Retired | about 1975 |
| Primary users | Northwest Orient Airlines LAN Chile Trans World Airlines |
| Number built | 47 |
| Variants | Martin 4-0-4 |
The Martin 2-0-2 was one of the first modern airliners. The twin-engined piston aircraft was designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company.
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[edit] Design and development
Glenn L. Martin, president of the company, intended that the Model 202 would be a replacement for the DC-3. It was also known as the "Martin Executive".
The first flight of the Model 2-0-2 was in November 1946. Full civilian certification was gained in August 1947. This was several months before competing aircraft types. The total production of 2-0-2 and 2-0-2A was 47 aircraft[1].
The aircraft was non-pressurized but was considered a long range airliner. The fatal crash in 1948 of Northwest Airlines Flight 421 revealed a serious structural problem in the wings. Structural metal fatigue was the problem in a major wing spar. Alloy 7075-T6 was used, which is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking and low toughness. The airliner was grounded and modifications were made. The wing components were redesigned and the engines replaced. The changed type was designated the Martin 2-0-2A.
[edit] Operational history
On November 13, 1945 Pennsylvania Central Airlines purchased a fleet of 35 Martin 202's from the Glenn Martin Company, for a price of $7,000,000 [2]. Two weeks later, Colonial Airlines announced they would purchase 20 airplanes at the price of $4,000,000 and scheduled for delivery in 1947.[3]. Early in the next year, Martin announced Pennsylvania-Central Airlines ordered 15 more 202's bringing the total aircraft on order in early January 1947 to 137 aircraft, with a sales value of $27,000,000 [4].
Despite the announcement of these large orders, the contract terms allowed the airlines to cancel them without any penalty.[5]. The 2-0-2 was unpressurised, unlike the competing Convair 240. Therefore, as delays in production built up, all airlines except Northwest, TWA, LAN and LAV called their orders and only 31 2-0-2s and 12 2-0-2As were actually delivered to the airlines.[5]
The 202 was the first airplane subjected to the CAA's then new 'Accelerated Service Test', introduced May 15, 1947. In this test an airliner was to undergo a rigorous 150-hour test, attempting to squeeze one year's service into a week to ten day's flying. The 202 made such a test visiting about 50 cities in 7 days. At each city comprehensive inspections were made of the aircraft systems to assess how wear or malfunction would occur [6].
TWA and Northwest, initial customers of the 2-0-2, eventually sold their Martin 2-0-2s to California Central and Pioneer Airlines. Later, Allegheny Airlines acquired many of the 2-0-2's as part of the company's expansion plans, beginning June 1, 1955. Eventually they acquired a total of 18 aircraft.
Only one of this type of aircraft is known to survive[citation needed], at the Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey.
This airliner type was eventually developed into the Martin 4-0-4, which was far more successful.
[edit] Variants
The Martin Company designated the following quantities for the airlines (though not all were built), listed by Martin Model number:[citation needed]
- 2-0-2 - twin engine prototype: 3, in 1946
- 2-0-2FL - twin engine commercial transport, Chile: 4, in 1947
- 2-0-2NW - twin engine commercial transport, Northwest Airlines: 25, in 1947
- 2-0-2LAV - twin engine commercial transport, Venezuela: 2, in 1947
- 2-0-2A - twin engine commercial transport, Trans World Airlines: 21, in 1947
- 2-0-2E - twin engine commercial transport, Eastern Airlines: 25, in 1947
[edit] Operators
♠ original operators
- Japan Air Lines (leased)
- RAPSA Panama
- Admiral Airlines
- Allegheny Airlines (18 1955-1966)[7]
- California Central Airlines
- Northwest Orient Airlines ♠ (25 new delivered 1947[1])
- Pacific Air Lines (seven 1958-1964)[8]
- Pioneer Air Lines (nine 1952-1960)[9]
- Southwest Airways
- Trans World Airlines ♠ (12 new delivered 1950[1])
- Transocean Airlines (15 1951-1952)[10]
- Linea Aeropostal Venezolana ♠ (two new delivered 1947[1])
[edit] Accidents and incidents
The Martin 2-0-2 had 13 hull-loss accidents and incidents of which nine were fatal accidents.[11]
- 29 August 1948 - Northwest Airlines Flight 421 crashed after losing a wing near Winona, Minnesota, United States, 37 fatalities.[1][12]
- 7 March 1950 - Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 307 crashed after hitting a flag pole near Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. 15 fatalities including two on the ground.[1][13]
- 13 October 1950 - A Northwest Orient 2-0-2 crashed on a training flight at Almelund, Minnesota, United States, 6 fatalities.[1][14]
- 7 November 1950 - Northwest Orient Flight 115 crashed into a mountain near Butte, Montana, United States, 21 fatalities.[1][15]
- 16 January 1951 - Northwest Orient Flight 115 crashed near Reardon, Washington, United States, after sudden unexplained loss of control during cruise.[16] 10 fatalities.[1][17]
- 5 November 1951 - Transocean Air Flight 5763 crashed on approach to Tucumcari, New Mexico, United States, one fatality.[1][18]
- 9 April 1952 - Japan Airlines Mokusei crashed into Mihara volcano, O'Shuma Island, Japan, 37 fatalities.[1][19]
- 12 January 1955 - Trans World Airlines Flight 694 was destroyed ina mid-air collision with a Douglas DC-3 near Covington, Kentucky, United States, 13 fatalities plus 2 on the DC-3.[1][20]
- 14 November 1955 - A Allegheny Airlines 2-0-2 had a collapsed undercarriage during a training fight landing at Willimington-Newcastle Airport and was damaged beyond repair.[21]
- 30 December 1955 - A Southwest Airlines 2-0-2 was destroyed in a hangar fire at San Francisco, California, United States.[1]
- 21 August 1959 - A Pacific Air Lines 2-0-2A was damaged beyond repair after a ground incident with a C-46 Commando at Burbank, California, United States.[1]
- 1 December 1959 - Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 crashed into a mountain on approach Williamsport, Pennsylvania, United States, 25 fatalities.[1][22]
- 2 November 1963 - An Allegheny Airlines 2-0-2 was damaged beyond repair at Newark, New Jersey, United States.[1]
[edit] Specifications (Martin 2-0-2)
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This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them. |
General characteristics
- Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot/navigator/radio operator & flight steward)
- Capacity: 42 passengers
- Payload: 8,000-9,500 lb (3,636-4,318 kg)
- Length: 74 ft 7 in (22.74 m)
- Wingspan: 93 ft 3 in (28.43 m)
- Height: 28 ft 5 in (8.66 m)
- Wing area: 864 ft² (80.3 m²)
- Empty weight: 22,500 lb (10,227 kg)
- Loaded weight: 36,500 lb (16,590 kg)
- Useful load: 14,000 lb (6,363 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp 18-cylinder air-cooled radial engine with Hamilton Standard propeller, 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 280 mph (242 kn, 450 km/h)
- Cruise speed: 254 mph (220 kn, 409 km/h)
- Stall speed: 115 mph (clean) / 104 mph (full flaps) (100 kn, 185 km/h / 90 kn, 145 km/h)
- Range: 1,800 mi (1,564 nmi, 2,900 km)
[edit] See also
- Related development
- Related lists
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Eastwood/Roach 1991, pages 267-269
- ^ The Chester Times (Pennsylvania), November 13, 1945, page 3
- ^ Frederick News-Post (Maryland), November 29, 1945, page 1
- ^ Syracuse Herald Journal, January 8, 1946, page 35
- ^ a b Killion 1997, pp. 19–20
- ^ Big Spring Daily Herald (Texas), August 12, 1947, page 3
- ^ Killion 1997, pp. 128–129
- ^ Killion 1997, p. 142
- ^ Killion 1997, p. 144
- ^ Killion 1997, p. 149
- ^ Martin 2-0-2
- ^ Northwest Orient Flight 421
- ^ Northwest Orient Flight 307
- ^ Northwest Orient NC93037
- ^ Northwest Orient 115 (1950)
- ^ Killion 1997, p. 168
- ^ Northwest Orient 115 (1951)
- ^ Transocean Air Flight 5763
- ^ N93043
- ^ Trans World Airways Flight 694
- ^ N172A
- ^ Allegheny Airlines Flight 371
[edit] References
- Eastwood, Tony; Roach, John (1991). Piston Engine Airliner Production List. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop. ISBN 0 907178 37 5.
- Killion, Gary L (1997). The Martinliners. Airways International Inc. ISBN 0-9653993-2-X.
[edit] External links
- First Martin 202 crash due to metal fatigue. - Aviation Safety Network
- Martin Airliners - Maryland Aviation Museum
- "US Airways: A Heritage Story". Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061113162241/http://www.usair.com/awa/content/aboutus/pressroom/history/allegheny.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- "Civil Aeronautics Board Accident Report for the first crash of a Martin 2-0-2" (PDF). http://ntl1.specialcollection.net/scripts/ws.dll?file&fn=8&name=*S%3A%5CDOT_56GB%5Cairplane%20accidents%5Cwebsearch%5C082948.pdf. (text version also available)
(if links above fail to load report, visit http://dotlibrary.specialcollection.net and select "Historical Aircraft Accident Reports (1934-1965)", then retry report links)
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