McKim, Mead & White
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McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm which thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firm's founding partners were Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), William Rutherford Mead (1846–1928) and Stanford White (1853–1906). The firm was a major training ground for many other prominent architects – partners, associates, designers and draftsmen.
McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872 and were joined in 1879 by White who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Their work applied the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture, the adoption of the classical Greek and Roman stylistic vocabulary as filtered through the Parisian École des Beaux-Arts, and the related City Beautiful movement after 1893 or so, which aimed to clean up the visual confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order and formality during America's Gilded Age.[1]
Mead was the last of the firm's founding partners to die in 1928, after McKim (1909), and White (1906).[2] The firm retained its name after the death of Mead, until partner James Kellum Smith's death in 1961. The firm – primarily Smith – designed the prominent National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., one of the firm's last works, opening in 1964.[3] McKim, Mead & White was also involved with an urban renewal project at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn in the 1950s and designed three buildings as part of the project: DeKalb Hall, ISC Building and North Hall.[4][5]
In 1961, McKim, Mead & White was succeeded by the firm Steinmann, Cain and White, which by 1971 had become Walker O. Cain and Associates.[6][dead link]
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Selected works[edit]
New York City[edit]
- Villard Houses, 451 Madison Avenue, Manhattan (1884)
- Harvard Club of New York, Manhattan (1894)
- 169 West 83rd Street, Manhattan, for David H. King, Romanesque revival (1885)
- Former New York Life Insurance Building, now 346 Broadway (1870) designed by Griffith Thomas, remodeled and expanded (1890s)[7]
- Madison Square Garden II at Madison Square, Manhattan, the second of four buildings known by this name (1890, razed in 1925)
- Century Club, New York City (1891)
- The Cable Building, 611 Broadway, New York City (1892)
- West End Collegiate Church, West End Avenue, Manhattan (1892)
- Washington Arch, Washington Square Park, New York City (1892)
- Metropolitan Club, 1 East 60th St, NYC, New York (1893)
- Various features of Prospect Park, including Parade Place on Lookout Hill, the Peristyle, the Park Circle granite fixtures, Lullwater Bridge, and the 1895 Maryland Monument on Lookout Hill, Brooklyn, New York (1895–1900)
- Columbia University's Morningside Heights campus: general design and individual buildings including Low Memorial Library, Philosophy Hall, John Jay Hall, Avery Hall, Hamilton Hall (1893–1900)
- The University Heights campus of New York University (1891–1900), including the Hall of Fame for Great Americans (1900) (now the site of Bronx Community College), Bronx, New York
- New York Herald Building (1895, razed in 1921)
- Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1895)
- University Club of New York, New York City (1899)
- The Morgan Library & Museum, New York City (1903, expanded in 1928)
- New York Public Library, between 1902 and 1914 designed 11 branches including: Hamilton Grange Branch (1905–1906) and 115th Street Branch (1907–1908)
- IRT Powerhouse, New York City (1904)
- Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, Brooklyn, New York (1908)
- Knickerbocker Trust Building, 60 Broadway, Manhattan (1909, later razed)
- The Manhattan Municipal Building, 1 Centre Street, Manhattan (1909–1915)
- Pennsylvania Station, Manhattan (1910, above-ground portion razed in 1963)
- 998 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan (1912)
- Bellevue Hospital Center, Manhattan (1912)
- James Farley Post Office (often regarded as the architectural twin of New York City's Pennsylvania Station) (1913)
- Racquet and Tennis Club, Manhattan (1916–1918)
- Hotel Pennsylvania, Manhattan (1919)
- The Town Hall, 123 West 43rd Street, Manhattan (1921)
- 110 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York, former Elks Lodge, and former headquarters of the New York City Department of Education (1926)
- Savoy-Plaza Hotel, Manhattan (1927, razed in 1964)
- Liggett Hall, Governors Island, New York (1929)
New England and New York State[edit]
- Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode Island (1880)
- John Howard Whittemore House Naugatuck, Connecticut (1880s)[8]
- Isaac Bell House, Newport, Rhode Island (1881–1883)
- Cyrus McCormick summer estate, shingle-style Richfield Springs, New York (1882, razed 1957)
- Narragansett Pier Casino, Narragansett, Rhode Island (1883)
- Salem School (Naugatuck, Connecticut), Naugatuck, Connecticut (1884)[8]
- Wolf's Head Society, "Old Hall", New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University (1884)
- Charles J. Osborn Residence, Mamaroneck, NY, Mamaroneck Beach and Yacht Club since 1952 (1885)
- John F. Andrew Mansion, 32 Hereford Street, Boston, Massachusetts (1886)
- William G. Low House, Bristol, Rhode Island (1887, razed 1962)
- Algonquin Club, Boston (1888)
- Johnston Gate, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1889)
- Fayerweather Hall, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts (1890)
- Walker Art Building, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine (1894)
- Whittemore Memorial Library Naugatuck, Connecticut (1894)[8]
- Adams Power Plant Transformer House, Niagara Falls, New York (1895)
- Boston Public Library, Boston (1895)
- Dudley Pickman House, 303 Commonwealth Avenue (Bay Bay), Boston (1895)
- Reid Hall, Manhattanville College, Purchase, New York (1895)
- Rhode Island State House, Providence, Rhode Island (1895–1904)
- Garden City Hotel, Garden City, New York (1895, burned 1899)
- House for Frederick Vanderbilt, "Hyde Park", Hyde Park (1895–1898)
- Rosecliff, Newport, Rhode Island (1898–1902)
- Harbor Hill on Long Island, New York (1899–1902, razed 1947)
- Hill-Stead Museum, estate of Alfred Atmore Pope, designed in collaboration with Theodate Pope Riddle, Farmington, Connecticut (1901)
- Astor Courts, estate of John Jacob Astor IV (1902–1904)
- Faunce House (then Rockefeller Hall), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (1904)
- Naugatuck High School, Naugatuck, Connecticut, Hillside Middle School since 1959 (1904)
- Plymouth Rock portico, Plymouth, Massachusetts (1920)
- Harvard Business School (1925)
- Ira Allen Chapel, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont (1925)
- Olin Memorial Library, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut (1925)
- Memorial Chapel, Union College, Schenectady, New York (1925)
- Lincoln Alliance Building, Rochester, New York (1926)
- Rochester Savings Bank, Rochester, New York (1927)
- Burlington City Hall, Burlington, Vermont (1928)
- Levermore Hall, Blodgett Hall, and Woodruff Hall, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (1929)
- Schenectady City Hall, Schenectady, New York (1931–1933)
- The Little Red Schoolhouse, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts (1937)
New Jersey[edit]
- Orange Public Library, Orange, New Jersey (1901)
- Pennsylvania Station, Newark, New Jersey (1935)
- University Cottage Club, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey (1906)
- Fairleigh Dickinson University's Florham Campus, originally "Florham," the estate of Hamilton Twombly and Florence Vanderbilt (1897), one of many Vanderbilt houses.
Washington, D.C.[edit]
- The West Wing and East Wing of the White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. (1903)renovation
- Roosevelt Hall, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. (1903–1907)
- National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C. (1964)
Other U.S. locations[edit]
- First Methodist Episcopal Church, Lovely Lane United Methodist Church, Baltimore (1884)
- Cramond, Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania (1886)
- Omaha National Bank Building, Omaha, Nebraska (originally the New York Life Building, 1889)[9]
- New York Life Insurance Building, Kansas City, Missouri (1890)
- Open Gates, George Sealy Mansion, Galveston, Texas (1891)
- Germantown Cricket Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1891)
- The Agricultural Building at the World Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893)
- Old Cabell Hall, Cocke Hall, and Rouss Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (circa 1898)
- Savoyard Centre, Detroit, Michigan (1900)
- Protection of the Flag Monument, Athens, Pennsylvania (1900–1902)
- English Building, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (1905)
- Carr's Hill, or University of Virginia President's House, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Girard Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1908)
- The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, Minnesota (1915)
- Peabody Demonstration School (now University School of Nashville), Nashville, Tennessee (1915)
- National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum, Niles, Ohio (1915)
- Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio (1919), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
- Cohen Memorial Hall (Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (circa 1928)
- Milwaukee County Courthouse, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1931)
- Dietrich Hall, now Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, University of Pennsylvania (1952)
Other countries[edit]
- additions to the Bank of Montreal Head Office, Montreal (1901–1905)
- American Academy in Rome (Main Building), Rome, Italy (1914)
- Hotel Nacional de Cuba, Havana, Cuba (1930)
- Bank of Montreal Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba (1913)
Noted architects of McKim, Mead & White[edit]
- Lewis Colt Albro – later partnered briefly with Harrie T. Lindeberg for several commissions
- Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897; left with fellow employee James Brite to open their own office
- William A. Boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton
- Charles Lewis Bowman – a draftsman at the firm until 1922, noted for his large number of private residences throughout Westchester County, New York including Bronxville, Pelham Manor, Mamaroneck and New Rochelle.
- A. Page Brown - worked with the firm beginning in the 1880s; went to California, where he was known for the San Francisco Ferry Building
- Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm; beginning in 1961, he took it over and renamed it several times
- John Merven Carrère (1858–1911) – of Carrère and Hastings, worked together for McKim, Mead and White from 1883 through 1885, then partnered with Thomas Hastings.
- J.E.R. Carpenter – worked at the firm for several years before becoming the designer of much of upper Fifth and Park Avenues, including 907 Fifth Avenue, 825 Fifth Avenue, 625 Park Avenue, 550 Park Avenue and the Lincoln Building on 42nd Street.
- Cass Gilbert – worked with the firm until 1882, when he went to work with James Knox Taylor; later designed many notable structures, among them the George Washington Bridge and the Woolworth Building.
- Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, worked at the firm.
- Thomas Hastings (1860–1929) – of Carrère and Hastings worked together for McKim, Mead and White from 1883 through 1885.
- Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until White's death in 1906
- Austin W. Lord – worked with the firm 1890-94 on designs for Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, the Metropolitan Club, and buildings at Columbia University
- Edward Lippincott Tilton – assisted with the design of the Boston Public Library in 1890 before leaving with Boring
- James Kellum Smith (1893–1961) – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961; full partner in 1929, and the last surviving partner of MM&W. He primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History.
- Tracy and Swartwout – worked together as draftsmen for the firm.
- Robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firm's business after White's death
- William M. Whidden – worked at the firm from at least 1882 until 1888; projects included the Tacoma and Portland hotels in Washington and Oregon, respectively; relocated to Portland, Oregon in 1888 to finish the hotel and established his own firm with Ion Lewis
- Joseph M. Wells (1853–1890) – worked as firm's first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90; often considered to be the firm's "fourth partner", and largely responsible for its Renaissance Revival designs in 1880s
- York and Sawyer – worked together for the firm before starting their own partnership in 1898; Edward York (1863–1928) and Philip Sawyer (1868–1949).
Gallery[edit]
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"Wolf's Head Old Hall", New Haven, Connecticut (1884). Purchased by Yale University, 1924.
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Salem School, Naugatuck, Connecticut (1884). Photo 1905.
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New York Life Insurance Building, Kansas City, Missouri
(1888–1890) -
George Sealy Mansion, Galveston, Texas (1891)
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Rotunda of Low Memorial Library, Columbia University, New York City (1895). Photo c. 1900–1910.
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Rhode Island State House, Providence (1904).
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IRT Powerhouse, New York City (1904).
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Naugatuck High School, Naugatuck, Connecticut (1904). Photo c. 1910.
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Pennsylvania Station, New York City (1905–1910).
.jpg)
References[edit]
Notes
- ^ Broderick, Mosette (2010), Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age [Deckle Edge] [Hardcover]
- ^ "[Mead's] widow receives all the estate of about $250,000" in New York Times (November 27, 1928); "Mrs. Olga Kilenyi Mead, widow,... bequeathed her entire estate to the trustees of Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts" in New York Times (April 23, 1936). The money was used to build the Mead Art Building, which was designed by James Kellum Smith of McKim, Mead and White. The building was completed in 1949.
- ^ "NMAH Mission & History". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ "Pratt Institute: DeKalb Hall 1954–55". Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ Hilary Ballon & Kenneth T. Jackson. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York. p. 374.
- ^ http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/images/gallery/library/library.shtm
- ^ Norval White and Elliot Willensky, AIA Guide to New York City, rev. ed., (New York: Collier Books, 1978), p.40.
- ^ a b c Blackwell, D. and The Naugatuck Historical Society (1996) "Images of Naugatuck". Arcadia Publishing
- ^ [1] (1906)m/mckim2.html Bluffton University Digital Imagine Project]
Bibliography
- Baker, Paul R. Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White. New York: Free Press, 1989. ISBN 0-02-901781-5
- Broderick, Mosette. Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age New York: Knopf, 2010. ISBN 0-394-53662-2
- McKim, Mead & White. A Monograph of the Work of McKim, Mead & White, 1879-1915. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1915-1920, 4 volumes. Reprinted as The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White in Photographs, Plans and Elevations, with an introduction by Richard Guy Wilson (New York: Dover Publications, 1990). ISBN 0486265560
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: McKim, Mead & White |
- McKim, Mead and White flickr group
- Randall's Lost New York City Cable Building is included as a special resource.
- McKim, Mead & White in Buffalo
- McKim, Mead, and White
- McKim, Mead, and White
- FindaGrave site with photos of gravestone of William and Olga Mead in Rome, Italy
- FindaGrave site with photos of Joseph M. Wells and his gravestone in Massachusetts
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