Medium wave
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Medium Wave (MW) is that part of the Medium frequency (MF) radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. For most of the world the frequencies used for broadcasting are from 531 kHz - 1602 kHz[citation needed] and in North America an extended MW broadcast band goes from 530 kHz - 1710 kHz.[citation needed]
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[edit] Medium wave propagation characteristics
Medium wave signals have the property of following the curvature of the earth (the groundwave) at all times, and also refracting off the ionosphere at night (skywave). This makes this frequency band ideal for both local and continent-wide service, depending on the time of day. For example, during the day a radio receiver in the state of Maryland is able to receive reliable but weak signals from high-power stations WFAN/660 kHz, and WOR/710 kHz, 250 miles (400 km) away in New York City, due to groundwave propagation. The effectiveness of groundwave signals largely depends on ground conductivity—higher conductivity results in better propagation. At night, the same receiver may pick up signals as far away as Mexico City and Seattle reliably, depending on atmospheric noise and man-made interference.
Some experiments and trials are planned or under way for a digital modulation such as Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)[1].
[edit] Medium wave in the Americas
In most of the Americas, mediumwave broadcast stations are separated by 10 kHz and have two sidebands of up to ± 5 kHz in theory, although in practice stations transmit audio of up to 10 kHz [2]. In the rest of the world, the separation is 9 kHz, with sidebands of ± 4.5 kHz. Both provide adequate audio quality for voice, but are insufficient for high-fidelity broadcasting, which is common on the VHF FM bands. In the US and Canada the maximum transmitter power is restricted to 50 kilowatts, while in Europe there are medium wave stations with transmitter power up to 2 megawatts daytime.[citation needed]
Most United States AM radio stations are required by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to shut down, reduce power or employ a directional antenna array at night in order to avoid interference with each other due to night-time only long-distance skywave propagation ("skip"). Those stations which shut down completely at night are often known as "daytimers". Similar regulations are in force for Canadian stations, administered by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).
[edit] Medium wave in Europe
In Europe, each country is allocated a number of frequencies on which high power (up to 2 MW) can be used; the maximum power is also subject to international agreement by the International Telecommunication Union ITU [3] . In most cases there are two power limits: a lower one for omnidirectional and a higher one for directional radiation with minima in certain directions. The power limit can also be depending on daytime and it is possible, that a station may not work at nighttime, because it would then produce too much interference. Other countries may only operate low-powered transmitters on the same frequency, again subject to agreement. For example, Russia operates a high-powered transmitter, located in its Kaliningrad exclave and used for external broadcasting, on 1386 kHz. The same frequency is also used by low-powered local radio stations in the United Kingdom; other parts of the United Kingdom can still receive the Russian broadcast. International mediumwave broadcasting in Europe has decreased markedly with the end of the Cold War and the increased availability of satellite and Internet TV and radio, although the cross-border reception of neighbouring countries' broadcasts by expatriates and other interested listeners still takes place.
Due to the high demand for frequencies in Europe, many countries operate single frequency networks; in Britain, BBC Radio Five Live broadcasts from various transmitters on either 693 or 909 kHz. These transmitters are carefully synchronized to minimize interference from more distant transmitters on the same frequency.
[edit] Stereo and digital radio transmissions on medium wave
Stereo transmission is possible and offered by some stations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Australia, The Philippines, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, and France. However, there are multiple standards for AM stereo with C-QUAM being the most common in the United States as well as other countries, and receivers that implement the technologies are relatively rare.
In September 2002, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved the proprietary iBiquity in-band on-channel (IBOC) HD Radio system of digital audio broadcasting, which is meant to improve the audio quality of signals. The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) IBOC system has been approved by the ITU for use outside North America and U.S. territories.
[edit] Antennas
For transmission, mast radiators are most commonly used. Stations broadcasting with low power often use masts with heights of a quarter-wavelength, while high power stations mostly use half-wavelength. The usage of masts longer than 5/8 of radiated wavelength gives a bad radiation pattern. Usually mast antennas are insulated against ground and show a high voltage against ground during transmission, which complicates maintenance, installation of air safety warning lights or using the mast as a tower for UHF/VHF-radio, but there are several ways to use grounded masts or towers.
If grounded masts or towers are required, then cage aerials or longwire aerials are used. Another possibility consists of feeding the mast or the tower by cables running from the tuning unit to the guys or crossbars in a certain height. Directional aerials consist of multiple masts, which need not to be from the same height. It is also possible to realize directional aerials for mediumwave with cage aerials where some parts of the cage are fed with a certain phase difference.
Other type of aerials sometimes used for medium wave are T- and L-aerials. The kind used depends on the need for grounded or insulated towers. Also popular for lower-powered stations is the Umbrella radiator, which needs only one mast of one eighth wavelength height or less.
In some cases dipole aerials are used, which are spun between two masts or towers. Such aerials radiate toward the sky. The mediumwave transmitter at Berlin-Britz for transmitting RIAS used a cross dipole mounted on five 30.5 meter high guyed masts to transmit the skywave up to the ionosphere at nighttime.
Europe's largest antenna park [4] is placed in Northern Jutland, Denmark. The well-known German DX'er Wilhelm Herbst has constructed and built the antennas. DXers are welcome to use the facilities.
For low-noise reception at frequencies below 1.6 MHz, which includes long and medium waves, loop antennas are popular.
[edit] See also
- Medium frequency band, of which the medium wave band forms a part.
- AM radio
- Longwave
- MW DX
- Shortwave
- FM radio
- Satellite radio
- List of European medium wave transmitters
- Wave plan of Geneva
[edit] External links
- Global Frequency Database
- Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
- "Building the Broadcast Band" the development of the 520-1700 kHz MW (AM) band
- M3 Map of Effective Ground Conductivity in the USA
- MWLIST worldwide database of MW and LW stations
[edit] References
- ^ "Digital Medium Wave - your questions answered". BBC Devon. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/digitalmediumwave/faqs_feature.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-04-24.
- ^ "Subpart A: AM Broadcast Stations, Sec. 73.44 AM transmission system emission limitations". TITLE 47--TELECOMMUNICATION, CHAPTER I--FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED), PART 73_RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES. U.S. Government Printing Office. Revised as of October 1, 2006. http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2006/octqtr/47cfr73.44.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-24.
- ^ "International Telecommunication Union". ITU. http://www.itu.int. Retrieved on 2009-04-24.
- ^ "Ydun's Medium Wave Info - Reports". http://mediumwave.info/reports.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-24. "DX 183 - EUROPE'S LARGEST ANTENNA PARK"
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