Merchant

For other uses, see Merchant (disambiguation).

Merchants from Holland and the Middle East trading.

A merchant is a businessperson who trades in commodities produced by others, in order to earn a profit.

Merchants can be one of two types:

1. A wholesale merchant operates in the chain between producer and retail merchant. Some wholesale merchants only organize the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
2. A retail merchant or retailer, sells commodities to consumers (including businesses). A shop owner is a retail merchant.

A merchant class characterizes many pre-modern societies. Its status can range from high (the members even eventually achieving titles such as that of Merchant Prince or Nabob) to low, as in Chinese culture, owing to the presumed distastefulness of profiting from "mere" trade rather than from labor or the labor of others as in agriculture and craftsmanship. Attitudes to the merchant in the West have been strongly influenced by criticism of their activities by the Christian church who have closely associated the activities of merchants with the sin of usury.

Significance in United States law

See also: Ordinary course of business

In the United States, "merchant" is defined (under the Uniform Commercial Code) as any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold. Under the common law and the Uniform Commercial Code in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession/career.

Merchant confirmation rule

The UCC also contains a "merchant's confirmation" exception to the Statute of Frauds. The Merchant Confirmation Rule states that if one merchant sends a writing sufficient

"A merchant making up the account" by Katsushika Hokusai

to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant, the merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and the receiver does not object to the confirmation within 10 days, the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties.

Firm offer rule

Under common law, an offer to purchase can be revoked at anytime before acceptance. However, dealing between merchants, an offer can be made 'firm' or irrevocable for a certain period of time. In order for a merchant to create a 'firm offer' it must satisfy the Statute of Frauds. When dealing between merchants, the Statute of Frauds will be satisfied so long as it satisfies an authentication under the UCC Section 2-205 (a signature/mark will do). This is called the firm offer rule. Provided this occurs, the offer will stay 'firm' for a period of 90 days. If the offer is for a longer period courts will limit the offer period to 90 days.

In architecture

Many buildings in architecture have taken their names from their former use as the home or place of business of merchants:

• 

  The Merchant's House, Kirkcaldy.

• 

  Merchant Tower, Kentucky.

• 

  Medieval merchant's house, Southampton.

• 

  Tudor Merchant's Hall, Southampton.

See also

• Capitalism
• Commerce
• Distribution
• Free Market
• Free Trade
• Mercantilism
• Merchant marine
• Merchant account

References and sources

References

Sources

• Thrupp, Sylvia L. (1989). The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06072-4. 

External links

• Joanna Woodall lecturing on Trading Identities, the image of the merchant at Gresham College.