Methcathinone
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| Routes of administration | Vaporized, insufflated, injected, orally |
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| Excretion | Urine |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.024.630 |
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| Formula | C10H13NO |
| Molar mass | 163.22 g/mol g·mol−1 |
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| Chirality | Racemic mixture |
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Methcathinone[pronunciation?] (α-methylamino-propiophenone or ephedrone) (sometimes called "cat" or "jeff" or "Charlie" ) is a monoamine alkaloid and psychoactive stimulant, a substituted cathinone. It is used as a recreational drug due to its potent stimulant and euphoric effects and is considered to be addictive, with both physical and psychological withdrawal occurring if its use is discontinued after prolonged or high-dosage administration.[1] It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally.
Methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the United States' Controlled Substances Act, and as such it is not considered to be safe or effective in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or cure of any disease, and has no approved medical use. Possession and distribution of methcathinone for the purpose of human consumption is illegal under any/all circumstances in the United States and is either illegal or highly regulated in most jurisdictions world-wide.
History
Methcathinone was first synthesized in 1928 in the United States[2] and was patented by Parke Davis in 1957.[3] It was used in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s as an anti-depressant (under the name Эфедрон—ephedrone). Methcathinone has long been used as a drug of abuse in the Soviet Union and Russia.[citation needed]
Circa 1994, the United States government recommended to the UN Secretary-General that methcathinone should be listed as a Schedule I controlled substance in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[4]
In parts of Europe this drug is not listed as a dangerous drug and is under review by the authorities in the United Kingdom where at the moment it is a Class B drug. They want it reclassified as a class A drug when it is dissolved in water for injection use just as amphetamine is.
Chemistry
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
Methcathinone is a beta-keto N-methylamphetamine and is closely related to the naturally occurring compounds, cathinone and cathine. It is also very closely related to methamphetamine, differing by only the β-ketone substituent and differing from amphetamine by both a keto and N-methyl substituent. Its carbon skeleton is identical to pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine. It differs from pseudoephedrine in that the hydroxide beta to the aromatic ring is oxidized to a ketone.
Methcathinone possesses a chiral carbon atom, and therefore two enantiomers are possible. When it is made semi-synthetically from pseudo/ephedrine as a starting material, then only a single enantiomer is produced. Given that the chiral center is adjacent to the carbonyl group, the molecule will racemize in solution.[citation needed]
Methcathinone production utilizes the oxidation of pseudoephedrine or ephedrine, the former being preferred because of much higher yields achieved. Oxidation of pseudoephedrine to methcathinone requires little chemistry experience, making it (relatively) easy to synthesize.[5][unreliable source?] Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is most commonly used as the oxidant.
In clandestine laboratories, synthesizing methcathinone using potassium permanganate is considered undesirable because of the low yields and the high toxicity of this oxidant. A method that yields more methcathinone is oxidizing (pseudo)ephedrine with chromium (VI) compounds. If done in a proper laboratory using the proper procedures, however, potassium permanganate can be a high-yielding reactant.
Methcathinone as free base is very unstable; it easily loses its ketone group, which is substituted with a hydroxyl group . Structurally, this occurs when the C=O bond at the Rβ-position is converted into a C-OH bond. Additionally, a dimerization reaction has been observed in solutions of freebase methcathinone, which yields a biologically inactive compound.[6] In other words, basic methcathinone will turn into (& also metabolize to) pseudoephedrine, from which it was synthesized.[contradictory]
Effects
Methcathinone hydrochloride increases spontaneous rodent locomotor activity,[7] potentiates the release of dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals in the brain,[7] and causes appetite suppression.[citation needed] Users can easily forget to consume fluids leading to increased thirst and dehydration. The effects of methcathinone are similar to those of methamphetamine, initially deemed to be less intense by the inexperienced user, and often more euphoric.[citation needed] The effects have been compared to those of cocaine, since it commonly causes hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and tachycardia (elevated heart rate).
Reported effects include:[medical citation needed]
- Feelings of euphoria
- Increased alertness
- Slurred speech
- Shaking of the limbs
- Increased heart rate
- Risk of blood clots on the brain, heart attacks or strokes
- Headaches or Migraine attacks
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or pains in the stomach
- Increased empathy and sense of communication
- Both decreased and increased sexual function and desire
- Bruxism
The effects of methcathinone usually last from four to six hours.[citation needed]
Pharmacology
Methcathinone has very strong affinities for the dopamine transporter and the norepinephrine (noradrenaline) transporter. Its affinity for the serotonin transporter is less than that of methamphetamine.[8]
The C=O bond at the Rβ-position (directly right of the benzene ring) is slightly polar, and as a result the drug does not cross the lipid blood–brain barrier quite as well as amphetamine.[citation needed] Nevertheless, it is a potent CNS stimulant and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Chronic high dosage use may result in acute mental confusion ranging from mild paranoia to psychosis.[citation needed] These symptoms typically disappear quickly if use is stopped.
Anecdotal reports have provided some information on patterns of methcathinone use. The most common route of administration is via nasal insufflation (snorting).[citation needed] Other routes of administration include per os, IV injection and smoking.
Illicit usage
Methcathinone binges resemble amphetamine binges in that the user may not sleep or eat, and takes in little in the way of liquids. The methcathinone binge is followed by long periods of sleep, excess eating, long-lasting nosebleeds (insufflation of methcathinone is corrosive to the nasal mucosa in the same manner as its methamphetamine counterpart) and, in some cases, depression.[citation needed]
Addiction
In preclinical studies, methcathinone hydrochloride produces an abuse potential similar to that of the amphetamines.[9]
Methcathinone can be highly psychologically addictive, and can produce a methamphetamine-like withdrawal, which is somewhat less in intensity than methamphetamine.[citation needed]
In drug discrimination studies, methcathinone hydrochloride evokes responses similar to those induced by both dextroamphetamine sulfate and cocaine hydrochloride. When examined in particular pharmacological assays for psychomotor[disambiguation needed] stimulant-like activity, both the dextrorotary and levorotary enantiomeric forms of methcathinone hydrochloride have been found to be pharmacologically active. In these assays, the l-form of methcathinone is more active than either d-methcathinone or dextroamphetamine (this is notable as the dextrorotary isomer is the more active isomer of both amphetamine and methamphetamine).
Some street dealers are selling methcathinone as dextroamphetamine or methamphetamine but the drug is more dangerous to people who inject it than the more common amphetamine.
Intravenous usage
Injecting this substance has recently been associated with symptoms similar to those seen in patients with Parkinson's Disease (Manganism) due to the compound manganese dioxide which is a byproduct of synthesis with permanganate.[10]
Clinical use
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances lists methcathinone as a Schedule I substance.[11]
- In the United States, methcathinone is listed as a Schedule I drug, for which there is no clinical use.[12]
- In the Netherlands, methylcathinone is listed as a Level I substance of the Opium Law, for which there is no clinical use.
- In the United Kingdom, methcathinone is listed as a Class B drug with no clinical uses.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Calkins RF, Aktan GB, Hussain KL (1995). "Methcathinone: the next illicit stimulant epidemic?". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 27 (3): 277–85. doi:10.1080/02791072.1995.10472472. PMID 8594170.
- ^ Hyde JF, Browning E, Adams R (1928). "Synthetic Homologs of d,l-Ephedrine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 50 (8): 2287–2292. doi:10.1021/ja01395a032.
- ^ US Patent 2802865 -ETHYLAMINOPROPIOPHENONE COMPOUNDS
- ^ Erowid
- ^ The Clandestine Chemists Notebook
- ^ http://chromsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/12/552.full.pdf+html
- ^ a b Glennon RA, Yousif M, Naiman N, Kalix P (1987). "Methcathinone: a new and potent amphetamine-like agent". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26 (3): 547–51. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90164-X. PMID 3575369.
- ^ Rothman, B. R.; et al. (June 2003). "In Vitro Characterization of Ephedrine-Related Stereoisomers at Biogenic Amine Transporters and the Receptorome Reveals Selective Actions as Norepinephrine Transporter Substrates". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (1): 138–45. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053975. PMID 12954796.
- ^ Kaminski BJ, Griffiths RR (April 1994). "Intravenous self-injection of methcathinone in the baboon". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 47 (4): 981–3. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90307-7. PMID 8029273.
- ^ De Bie RM, Gladstone RM, Strafella AP, Ko JH, Lang AE (Jun 2007). "Manganese-induced Parkinsonism associated with methcathinone (Ephedrone) abuse". Archives of Neurology. 64 (6): 886–9. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.6.886. PMID 17562938.
- ^ "https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
{{cite web}}: External link in|title= - ^ "Methcathinone - Partnership for Drug-Free Kids". Drugfree.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
- ^ "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1998 (SI 1998 No. 750)". Statutory Instrument. Ministry of Justice. 1998-03-18. Retrieved 2008-07-06.