Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| edit |
|
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)
|
|||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||
| Ribbon diagram of the active site of E. coli MTHFR. The flavin cofactor (top) is shown interacting with the bound substrate NADH. Image drawn from PDB 1ZPT | |||||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbols | MTHFR; | ||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 607093 MGI: 106639 HomoloGene: 4349 | ||||||||||
| EC number | 1.5.1.20 | ||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
| RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||
| Orthologs | |||||||||||
| Human | Mouse | ||||||||||
| Entrez | 4524 | 17769 | |||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000177000 | ENSMUSG00000029009 | |||||||||
| Uniprot | P42898 | Q3V399 | |||||||||
| Refseq | NM_005957 (mRNA) NP_005948 (protein) |
NM_010840 (mRNA) NP_034970 (protein) |
|||||||||
| Location | Chr 1: 11.77 - 11.79 Mb | Chr 4: 146.88 - 146.9 Mb | |||||||||
| Pubmed search | [1] | [2] | |||||||||
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme (EC 1.5.1.20) that exists in the cytoplasm of cells.
Contents |
[edit] Biochemistry
MTHFR irreversibly reduces 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (substrate) to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (product).
-
- 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is used to convert dUMP to dTMP for de novo thymidine synthesis.
-
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is used to convert homocysteine (a potentially-toxic amino acid) to methionine by the enzyme methionine synthase. (Note that homocysteine can also be converted to methionine by the folate-independent enzyme, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT))
MTHFR contains a bound flavin cofactor and uses NAD(P)H as the reducing agent.
Mammalian MTHFR is composed of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain.
MTHFR has at least two promoters and two isoforms (70 kDa and 77 kDa).[1]
MTHFR activity may be inhibited by binding of dihydrofolate (DHF)[2] and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM, or AdoMet).[3]
MTHFR can also be phosphorylated - this decreases its activity by ~20% and allows it to be more easily inhibited by SAM.[4]
[edit] Genetics
The enzyme is coded by the gene with the symbol MTHFR on chromosome 1 location p36.3 in humans.[5] There are DNA sequence variants (genetic polymorphisms) associated with this gene. In 2000 a report brought the number of polymorphisms up to 24.[6] Two of the most investigated are C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).
[edit] The C677T SNP (Ala222Val)
Nucleotide 677 in the gene has two possibilities: C or T.
677C (leading to an alanine at amino acid 222) is the most frequent.
677T (leading to a valine substitution at amino acid 222) encodes a thermolabile enzyme with reduced activity.
Around ten percent of the North American population are T-homozygous for this polymorphism. There is ethnic variability in the frequency of the T allele - frequency in Mediterranean/Hispanics > Caucausians > Africans/African-Americans).[7]
The degree of enzyme thermolability (assessed as residual activity after heat inactivation) is much greater in 677TT individuals (18-22%) compared with 677CT (56%) and 677CC (66-67%).[8]
Individuals of 677TT are predisposed to mild hyperhomocysteinemia (high blood homocysteine levels), because they have less active MTHFR available to produce 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (which is used to decrease homocysteine.
Low dietary intake of the vitamin folic acid can also cause mild hyperhomocysteinemia.
Low folate intake affects individuals with the 677TT genotype to a greater extent than those with the 677CC/CT genotypes. 677TT (but not 677CC/CT) individuals with lower plasma folate levels are at risk for elevated plasma homocysteine levels.[9]
In studies of human recombinant MTHFR, the protein encoded by 677T loses its FAD cofactor three times faster than the wild-type protein.[10]
5-MethylTHF slows the rate of FAD release in both the wild-type and mutant enzymes, although it is to a much greater extent in the mutant enzyme.[10]
Low folate status with the consequent loss of FAD enhances the thermolability of the enzyme, thus providing an explanation for the normalised homocysteine and DNA methylation levels in folate-replete 677TT individuals.
This polymorphism and mild hyperhomocysteinemia are associated with neural tube defects in offspring, arterial and venous thrombosis, and cardiovascular disease.[11] 677TT individuals are at a decreased risk for certain leukemias[12] and colon cancer.[13]
The MTHFR gene could be one of the factors of overall schizophrenia risk.[14] Schizophrenic patients having the risk allele (T\T) show more deficiencies in executive function tasks.[15]
[edit] The A1298C SNP (Glu429Ala)
At nucleotide 1298, there are two possibilities: A or C.
1298A (leading to a Glu at amino acid 429) is the most common.
1298C (leading to an Ala substitution at amino acid 429) is less common.
In studies of human recombinant MTHFR, the protein encoded by 1298C cannot be distinguished from 1298A in terms of activity, thermolability, FAD release, or the protective effect of 5-methylTHF.[10]
[edit] Severe MTHFR deficiency
It is rare (about 50 cases worldwide) and caused by mutations resulting in 0-20% residual enzyme activity.[6]
Patients exhibit developmental delay, motor and gait dysfunction, seizures, and neurological impairment and have extremely high levels of homocysteine in their plasma and urine as well as low to normal plasma methionine levels.
[edit] Reaction schematic & folate pathway
|
|
||
| MTHFR = methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | DHF = dihydrofolate | THF = tetrahydrofolate | |
| 5,10-methylene-THF = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate |
5-methyl-THF = 5-methyltetrahydrofolate |
MTR = methionine synthase | SAH = S-adenosylhomocysteine |
| NADPH = reduced form of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | NADP+ = oxidized form of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate | SAM = S-Adenosyl methionine | TS = thymidylate synthase |
[edit] References
- ^ Tran P, Leclerc D, Chan M, et al. (September 2002). "Multiple transcription start sites and alternative splicing in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene result in two enzyme isoforms". Mamm. Genome 13 (9): 483–92. doi:. PMID 12370778.
- ^ Matthews RG, Daubner SC (1982). "Modulation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity by S-adenosylmethionine and by dihydrofolate and its polyglutamate analogues". Adv. Enzyme Regul. 20: 123–31. doi:. PMID 7051769.
- ^ Jencks DA, Mathews RG (February 1987). "Allosteric inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by adenosylmethionine. Effects of adenosylmethionine and NADPH on the equilibrium between active and inactive forms of the enzyme and on the kinetics of approach to equilibrium". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (6): 2485–93. PMID 3818603. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3818603.
- ^ Yamada K, Strahler JR, Andrews PC, Matthews RG (July 2005). "Regulation of human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by phosphorylation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (30): 10454–9. doi:. PMID 16024724.
- ^ Goyette P, Sumner JS, Milos R, et al. (August 1994). "Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA mapping and mutation identification". Nat. Genet. 7 (4): 551. doi:. PMID 7951330.
- ^ a b Sibani S, Christensen B, O'Ferrall E, Saadi I, Hiou-Tim F, Rosenblatt DS, Rozen R (2000). "Characterization of six novel mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in patients with homocystinuria". Hum. Mutat. 15 (3): 280–7. doi:. PMID 10679944.
- ^ Schneider JA, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB (May 1998). "Worldwide distribution of a common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62 (5): 1258–60. doi:. PMID 9545406.
- ^ Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, Goyette P, Sheppard CA, Matthews RG, Boers GJ, den Heijer M, Kluijtmans LA, van den Heuvel LP et al. (May 1995). "A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase". Nat. Genet. 10 (1): 111–3. doi:. PMID 7647779.
- ^ Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Williams RR, Ellison RC, Eckfeldt JH, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J, Rozen R (January 1996). "Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations". Circulation 93 (1): 7–9. PMID 8616944. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/1/7.
- ^ a b c Yamada K, Chen Z, Rozen R, Matthews RG (December 2001). "Effects of common polymorphisms on the properties of recombinant human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (26): 14853–8. doi:. PMID 11742092.
- ^ Schwahn B, Rozen R (2001). "Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: clinical consequences". Am J Pharmacogenomics 1 (3): 189–201. doi:. PMID 12083967.
- ^ Skibola CF, Smith MT, Kane E, Roman E, Rollinson S, Cartwright RA, Morgan G' (October 1999). "Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with susceptibility to acute leukemia in adults". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (22): 12810–5. doi:. PMID 10536004.
- ^ Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Artigas C, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hennekens CH, Rozen R (15 March 1997). "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, dietary interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer". Cancer Res. 57 (6): 1098–102. PMID 9067278. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/6/1098.
- ^ "Meta-Analysis of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies (Case-Control Only) for rs1801133 (C677T) polymorphism, MTHFR gene". Schizophrenia Research Forum. http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/res/sczgene/meta.asp?geneID=4. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
- ^ Roffman JL, Weiss AP, Deckersbach T, Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Purcell S, Wong DH, Halsted CH, Goff DC. (March 2007). "Effects of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism on executive function in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research 92: 181. doi:. PMID 17344026.
[edit] Further reading
- Matthews RG (2003). "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: a common human polymorphism and its biochemical implications". Chemical record (New York, N.Y.) 2 (1): 4–12. PMID 11933257.
- Schwahn B, Rozen R (2002). "Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: clinical consequences". American journal of pharmacogenomics: genomics-related research in drug development and clinical practice 1 (3): 189–201. PMID 12083967.
- Iqbal MP, Frossard PM (2003). "Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene and coronary artery disease". JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 53 (1): 33–6. PMID 12666851.
- Bailey LB (2003). "Folate, methyl-related nutrients, alcohol, and the MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism affect cancer risk: intake recommendations". J. Nutr. 133 (11 Suppl 1): 3748S–3753S. PMID 14608109.
- Wiwanitkit V (2005). "Roles of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism in repeated pregnancy loss". Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 11 (3): 343–5. doi:. PMID 16015422.
- Muntjewerff JW, Kahn RS, Blom HJ, den Heijer M (2006). "Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis". Mol. Psychiatry 11 (2): 143–9. doi:. PMID 16172608.
- Lewis SJ, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, et al. (2006). "The thermolabile variant of MTHFR is associated with depression in the British Women's Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis". Mol. Psychiatry 11 (4): 352–60. doi:. PMID 16402130.
- Pereira TV, Rudnicki M, Pereira AC, et al. (2007). "5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk: a meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15 (10): 1956–63. doi:. PMID 17035405.
- Leclerc D, Rozen R (2007). "[Molecular genetics of MTHFR: polymorphisms are not all benign]". Med Sci (Paris) 23 (3): 297–302. PMID 17349292.
[edit] External links
- Smith DO (2007-02-08). "MTHFR and homocysteine". Ask Dr. Stephan Moll / Factor V Leiden / Thrombophilia Support Page. Thrombophilia Awareness Project. http://www.fvleiden.org/ask/51.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
