Mill town

For places called Milltown, see Milltown (disambiguation).

"Mill village" redirects here. For other uses, see Mill Village (disambiguation).

A mill town, also known as factory town or mill village, is typically a settlement that developed around one or more mills or factories (usually cotton mills or factories producing textiles).

United Kingdom

Oldham in Greater Manchester, England is an archetypal British "mill town". Although its textile producing days are over, it is still home to many historic cotton mills.

In the United Kingdom, the term "mill town" often refers to the 19th century textile-manufacturing towns of northern England and the Scottish Lowlands, particularly those in Lancashire (cotton) and Yorkshire (wool). Manchester was bestowed with the name Cottonopolis as its immediate region was considered a metropolis of cotton processing mills. One of the most famous references to the early mills was in the poem/hymn "Jerusalem" by William Blake, in which "those dark satanic mills" were used to symbolise the injustice that a new Jerusalem ought to replace.

The British textile industry never fully recovered after the Great Depression, and its decline continued after the Second World War when it was unable to compete with the growing Indian textile industry. It is said that Gandhi was jeered when he visited mill towns on his 1931 tour of Britain, as many locals blamed his policies for causing unemployment. There are still a minority of mills left in operation today however. In addition, many mill buildings have conservation orders on them, and some have been converted into blocks of flats.

The term mill town has seen something of a revival in the British media since the debate over relations between whites and Asians began in the aftermath of riots in several mill towns. The term conveniently groups together towns on both sides of the Pennines that suffer from sometimes significant racial tension. Many mill towns in northern England are known today as "mill and mosque towns" because of the large number of British Pakistani Muslims who live there.

Bradford has seen several riots in recent years whilst Burnley, Dewsbury and Oldham have all had suffered one riot each (see Oldham Riots and Bradford Riot). After the Second World War, thousands of migrants from both the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent settled in the mill towns to fill the labour shortage in the industry; they often moved to the traditional working-class areas whilst the White working-class moved out to the newly built estates after the war.

Many mill towns have a symbol of the textile industry in their town badge. Some towns may also have statues dedicated to textile workers (e.g. Colne [1]) or have a symbol in the badge of local schools (e.g. Ossett School).

The list below includes some towns where textiles was not the predominant industry. For example, mining was also a key industry in Wigan and Leigh in Greater Manchester, and in Ossett in Yorkshire.

Spindleage of major mill towns between 1830 and 1962

Date	1883	1893	1903	1913	1923	1926	1933	1944	1953	1962
Accrington	590	438	467	660	191	718	469	287	152	92
Ashton	1,574	1,731	1,781	1,955	1898	1,144	644	633	182
Blackburn	1,671	1,398	1,321	1,280	1,224	1,071	672	451	309	103
Bolton	4,086	4,770	5,457	6,797	7,371	7,842	7,507	6,204	4,886	1,772
Burnley	1,126	734	667	563	538	507	240	182	144	14
Bury	875	899	833	955	1050	1000	745	630	524	268
Chorley	552	527	541	856	838	837	739	491	397	122
Farnworth	557	779	966	1,485	1,478	1,484	1,344	1,237	1,104	162
Glossop	1,106	1,158	968	882	821	839	524	204	154	10
Heywood	660	887	836	1,070	1,100	1,096	864	545	533	68
Hyde	590	499	533	741	793	696	475	366	337	58
Leigh	1,337	1,514	1,679	2,445	2,761	2,925	2,891	2,615	2,336	548
Manchester	2,445	2,353,	2,225	3,703	3,307	3,439	3,417	2,974	1,934	271
Middleton	498	494	645	1,278	1,268	1,252	1,041	1,193	923	161
Mossley	1,153	1,217	1,033	1,288	1,297	1,289	371	264	256	-
Oldham	9,311	11,159	12,230	16,909	17,231	17,669	13,732	8,948	7,621	2,478
Preston	2,146	1,883	2,074	2,161	1,997	1,965	1,592	1,146	1,024	278
Rochdale	1,627	1,835	2,422	3,645	3,749	3,793	3,539	2,459	1,936	983
Stalybridge	1,083	1,157	1,027	1,236	1,104	1,103	801	483	426	122
Stockport	1,601	1,742	1,568	2,266	2,382	1,924	1,427	1,141	154
Wigan	864	775	888	1,085	1,123	1,141	922	681	575	352

In thousands of spindles.

County	Towns
Cheshire mill towns	Crewe Congleton Macclesfield
Derbyshire mill towns	Glossop Hadfield New Mills
Greater Manchester mill towns	Ashton-under-Lyne , Bolton , Bury , Chadderton , Failsworth , Heywood , Hyde , Lees , Leigh , Manchester , Middleton , Oldham , Radcliffe , Ramsbottom , Reddish , Rochdale , Royton , Shaw and Crompton , Stalybridge , Stockport , Wigan
Lancashire mill towns	Accrington , Bacup , Barnoldswick , Blackburn , Burnley , Calder Vale , Chorley , Colne , Darwen , Nelson , Oakenclough , Padiham , Preston
Yorkshire mill towns	Batley , Bingley , Bradford , Brighouse , Cleckheaton , Dewsbury , Elland , Halifax , Hebden Bridge , Heckmondwike , Holmfirth , Huddersfield , Keighley , Morley , Mytholmroyd , Ossett , Pudsey , Shipley , Skipton , Sowerby Bridge , Todmorden , Yeadon

On his tour of northern England in 1849, Scottish publisher Angus Reach said:

In general, these towns wear a monotonous sameness of aspect, physical and moral... In fact, the social condition of the different town populations is almost as much alike as the material appearance of the tall chimneys under which they live. Here and there the height of the latter may differ by a few rounds of brick, but in all essential respects, a description of one is a description of all.

—Angus Reach, Morning Chronicle, 1849

United States

New England

The Androscoggin River at Berlin

Amoskeag Canal, 1948, by Charles Sheeler.

Beginning with technological information smuggled out of England by Francis Cabot Lowell, large mills were established in New England in the early to mid 19th century. Mill towns, sometimes planned, built and owned as a company town, grew in the shadow of the industries. The region became a manufacturing powerhouse along rivers like the Housatonic River, Quinebaug River, Shetucket River, Blackstone River, Merrimack River, Nashua River, Cochecho River, Saco River, Androscoggin River, Kennebec River or Winooski River.

"In the nineteenth century, saws and axes made in New England cleared the forests of Ohio; New England ploughs broke the prairie sod, New England scales weighed wheat and meat in Texas; New England serge clothed businessmen in San Francisco; New England cutlery skinned hides to be tanned in Milwaukee and sliced apples to be dried in Missouri; New England whale oil lit lamps across the continent; New England blankets warmed children by night and New England textbooks preached at them by day; New England guns armed the troops; and New England dies, lathes, looms, forges, presses and screwdrivers outfitted factories far and wide." - Jane Jacobs, The Economy of Cities, 1969

In the 20th century, alternatives to water power were developed, and it became more profitable for companies to manufacture textiles in southern states where cotton was grown and winters did not require significant heating costs. Finally, the Great Depression acted as a catalyst that sent several struggling New England firms into bankruptcy.

State	Towns
Connecticut mill towns	Bridgeport , Danbury , Enfield , Hartford , Killingly , Manchester , Middletown , East Windsor , Naugatuck , New Haven , New London , Norwich , Putnam , Seymour , Shelton , Torrington , Vernon , Waterbury , Willimantic , Winchester , Windham , Windsor Locks
Maine mill towns	Anson , Auburn , Biddeford , Brunswick , Chisholm , Corinna , Lewiston , Lincoln , Lisbon Falls , Livermore Falls , Millinocket , Milo , Newport , Old Town , Orono , Pittsfield , Rumford , Saco , Sanford , Skowhegan , Wilton , Waterville , Westbrook
Massachusetts mill towns \n See also: List of mill towns in Massachusetts	Adams , Amesbury , Athol , Attleboro , Chicopee , Clinton , Dalton , Fall River , Fitchburg , Framingham , Gardner , Grafton , Greenfield , Haverhill , Holyoke , Hudson , Lawrence , Lowell , Ludlow , Lynn , Maynard , Methuen , Milford , Millbury , Monson , New Bedford , North Adams , North Andover , Orange , Pittsfield , Russell , Southbridge , Springfield , Taunton , Uxbridge , Waltham , Ware , Webster , Winchendon , Worcester
New Hampshire mill towns	Belmont , Berlin , Claremont , Dover , Franklin , Gorham , Greenville , Groveton , Harrisville , Jaffrey , Keene , Laconia , Lancaster , Lebanon , Lincoln , Manchester , Milford , Milton , Nashua , Newmarket , Newport , Penacook , Pittsfield , Rochester , Somersworth , Suncook , Tilton , Troy , Wilton
Rhode Island mill towns	, Bristol Burrillville , Slatersville , Central Falls , Coventry , Cumberland , Lincoln , Pawtucket , Providence , Westerly , West Warwick , Woonsocket , Valley Falls
Vermont mill towns	Bellows Falls , Bethel , Brattleboro , Bridgewater , Burlington , Ludlow , Newport , Springfield , Winooski , Vergennes

Mid-Atlantic

State	Towns
Maryland mill towns	Ellicott City , Jerusalem , Oella , Owings Mills , Savage
New Jersey mill towns	Clinton , Millville

South

County	Towns
Alabama mill towns	River View, Alabama (Riverdale Mill) , Langdale, Alabama (Langdale Mill) , Fairfax, Alabama (Fairfax Mill) , Shawmut, Alabama (Shawmut Mill) , Lanett, Alabama (Lanett Mill) , Valley, Alabama (Carter/Lanier Mill) , Fairfax, Alabama (Fair View Mill) , Opelika, Alabama (Opelika Mill)
Arkansas mill towns	Amity , Delight , Glenwood , Malvern , Mountain Pine
Georgia mill towns	Bibb City , Hogansville , New Manchester , Cabbagetown
North Carolina mill towns	Burlington , Bynum Canton , Carrboro , Cliffside , Concord , Edgemont (East Durham) , Enka, North Carolina[2] , Glencoe[3] , Haw River , High Shoals , Kannapolis , Long Shoals , McAdenville , Roanoke Rapids , Saxapahaw , Spencer Mountain , Swepsonville , West Durham , West Hillsborough
South Carolina mill towns	Cateechee , Central , Cherokee Falls , Fort Mill , Great Falls , Joanna , La France , Lyman , Lockhart , Newry , Olympia and Granby Mills, Columbia , Pacolet Mills , Pelzer , Piedmont , Slater , Ware Shoals , Watts Mills , Whitmire

Sawmill towns

State	Towns
Wisconsin	Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Oregon	Roseburg, Oregon
Illinois	Harrisburg, Illinois, Carrier Mills, Illinois

Model Mill Settlement, Chadwick Mills, Charlotte, N.C. Published circa 1905-1915.

White Oak Cotton Mills, Greensboro, N.C. Circa 1914

Aerial view of Ware Shoals Mill

South America

Colombia

• San José de Suaita

See also

• Company town
• Industrial district
• Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
• Old Great Falls Historic District, Paterson, NJ

External links

Museums and historic sites

• American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA
• Belknap Mill Society Museum, Laconia, NH
• Berlin and Coös County Historical Society, Berlin, NH
• Slater Mill Historic Site, Pawtucket, RI
• Lowell National Historic Park, Lowell, MA
• Lynn Heritage State Park, Lynn, MA
• The Millyard Museum, Manchester, NH
• Quinebaug & Shetucket Rivers Valley National Historic Corridor
• San Jose de Suaita Cotton Mill Museum