Mingrelian language
| Mingrelian | |
|---|---|
| მარგალური ნინა margaluri nina | |
| Native to | Georgia |
| Region | Samegrelo, Abkhazia |
| Native speakers | 500,000 (1989[1]) |
| Language family | |
| Writing system | Georgian |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xmf |
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Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალური ნინა margaluri nina) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Samegrelo and Abkhazia), primarily by Mingrelians. The language was also called Iverian (Georgian iveriuli ena) in the early 20th century. Because for more than a thousand years Mingrelian has held only a regional status within Georgia, the number of its speakers has been decreasing in favor of the national language, with UNESCO designating it as a "definitely endangered language".[2]
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Distribution and status [edit]
No reliable figures exist for the number of Mingrelian native speakers, but it is estimated to be between 500,000 and 800,000. Most speakers live in the Samegrelo (Mingrelia) region of Georgia, that comprises the Odishi Hills and the Kolkheti Lowlands, from the Black Sea coast to the Svan Mountains and the Tskhenistskali River. Smaller enclaves existed in the autonomous Georgian republic of Abkhazia, but the ongoing civil unrest there has displaced many Mingrelian speakers to other regions of Georgia. Their geographical distribution is relatively compact, which has helped to promote the transmission of the language between generations.
Mingrelian is generally written with the Georgian alphabet, but has no written standard or official status. Almost all speakers are bilingual; they use Mingrelian mainly for familiar and informal conversation, and Georgian (or, for expatriate speakers, the local official language) for other purposes.
In the summer of 1999, books of the Georgian poet Murman Lebanidze were burned in the Mingrelian capital, Zugdidi, after he made disparaging remarks about the Mingrelian language.[3]
History [edit]
Mingrelian is one of the Kartvelian languages. It is closely related to Laz, from which it has differentiated mostly in the last 500 years, after the northern (Mingrelian) and southern (Laz) communities were separated by Turkic invasions. It is somewhat less closely related to Georgian (the two branches having separated in the first millennium BC or earlier) and even more distantly related to Svan (which is believed to have branched off in the 2nd millennium BC or earlier).[4] Mingrelian is not mutually intelligible with any of those other languages, although it is said that its speakers can recognize many Laz words.
Some linguists refer to Mingrelian and Laz as grouped within the Zan languages.[5] Zan had already split into Mingrelian and Laz variants by early modern times, however, and it is not customary to speak of a unified Zan language today.
The oldest surviving texts in Mingrelian date from the 19th century, and are mainly ethnographical literature. The earliest linguistic studies of Mingrelian include a phonetic analysis by Aleksandre Tsagareli (1880), and grammars by Ioseb Kipshidze (1914) and Shalva Beridze (1920). From 1930 to 1938 several newspapers were published in Mingrelian, such as Kazakhishi Gazeti, Komuna, Samargalosh Chai, Narazenish Chai, and Samargalosh Tutumi. More recently, there has been some revival of the language, with the publication of dictionaries — Mingrelian-Georgian by Otar Kajaia, and Mingrelian-German by Otar Kajaia and Heinz Fähnrich — and poetry books by Lasha Gvakharia, Edem Izoria, Lasha Gvasalia, Guri Otobaia, Giorgi Sichinava, Jumber Kukava, and Vakhtang Kharchilava.
Phonology [edit]
Vowels [edit]
Mingrelian has five primary vowels a, e, i, o, u. The Zugdidi-Samurzaqano dialect has a sixth, ə, which is the result of reduction of i and u.
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||
| High | i [i] | (ə [ə]) | u [u] |
| Mid | e [ɛ] | o [ɔ] | |
| Low | a [ɑ] | ||
Consonants [edit]
Consonant inventory of Megrelian is almost identical to Laz, Georgian, and Svan.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | |||||
| Plosive | voiced | b [b] | d [d] | g [ɡ] | |||
| voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | k [k] | ʔ [ʔ] | |||
| ejective | ṗ [pʼ] | ṭ [tʼ] | ḳ [kʼ] | qʼ [qʼ] | |||
| Affricate | voiced | ʒ [d͡z] | ǯ [d͡ʒ] | ||||
| voiceless | c [t͡s] | č [t͡ʃ] | |||||
| ejective | ċ [t͡sʼ] | čʼ [t͡ʃʼ] | |||||
| Fricative | voiced | v [v] | z [z] | ž [ʒ] | ɣ [ɣ] | ||
| voiceless | s [s] | š [ʃ] | x [x] | h [h] | |||
| Trill | r [r] | ||||||
| Approximant | central | y [j] | |||||
| lateral | l [l] | ||||||
Phonetic processes [edit]
Vowel reduction [edit]
Certain pairs of vowels reduce to single vowels:[clarification needed]
- ae and ai → ee → e
- ao, oa and oo → aa → a
- ou → uu → u
In Zugdidi-Samurzaqano dialect the vowels i and u also often reduce to ə.
Pre-consonant change of velar g [edit]
Before consonants, g → r.
Positional change of uvular q' sound [edit]
In word-initial prevocalic and intervocalic positions, q' → ʔ. Before the consonant v, q' → ʔ/ḳ.
Regressive assimilation of consonants [edit]
The common types are:
- voicing/devoicing of voiceless/voiced consonants before voiced/voiceless ones (respectively).
- glottalization of consonants before the glottalized ones and the glottal stop.
Progressive dissimilation [edit]
If the stem contains r then the suffixes -ar and -ur transform to -al and -ul. E.g. xorga (Khorga, the village)→ xorg-ul-i ("Khorgan"). The rule is not valid if in the stem with r an l appears later. E.g. marṭvili ("Martvili", the town) → marṭvil-ur-i (adj. "Martvilian")
In a stem with voiceless affricates or voiceless sibilants, a later ǯ is deaffricated to d. E.g. orcxonǯi → orcxondi "comb", č'anǯi → č'andi "fly (insect)", isinǯi → isindi "arrow", etc.
The transformation of l [edit]
- in all dialects of Megrelian, before consonants l → r.
- in the Martvili subdialect in word-initial prevocalic position, l → y → ∅ and in intervocalic position l → ∅[further explanation needed]
Intervocalic deletion of v [edit]
Between the vowels the organic[clarification needed] v disappears. E.g. xvavi (Geo. "abundance, plenty") → *xvai → xvee (id.), mṭevani (Geo. "raceme") → ṭiani (id.), etc.
Phonetic augmentation n [edit]
Before the stops and affricates, an inorganic[clarification needed] augmentation n may appear (before labials n → m).
Alphabet [edit]
Megrelian is written in the Georgian alphabet.
| Georgian | Transcription | IPA transcription |
| ა | a | ɑ |
| ბ | b | b |
| გ | g | ɡ |
| დ | d | d |
| ე | e | ɛ |
| ვ | v | v |
| ზ | z | z |
| თ | t | t |
| ი | i | i |
| კ | ḳ | kʼ |
| ლ | l | l |
| მ | m | m |
| ნ | n | n |
| ჲ | y | j |
| ო | o | ɔ |
| პ | ṗ | pʼ |
| ჟ | ž | ʒ |
| რ | r | r |
| ს | s | s |
| ტ | ṭ | tʼ |
| უ | u | u |
| ჷ | ə | ə |
| ფ | p | p |
| ქ | k | k |
| ღ | ɣ | ɣ |
| ყ | qʼ | qʼ |
| ჸ | ʔ | ʔ |
| შ | š | ʃ |
| ჩ | č | t͡ʃ |
| ც | c | t͡s |
| ძ | ʒ | d͡z |
| წ | ċ | t͡sʼ |
| ჭ | čʼ | t͡ʃʼ |
| ხ | x | x |
| ჯ | ǯ | d͡ʒ |
| ჰ | h | h |
Grammar [edit]
Dialects [edit]
The main dialects and sub-dialects of Mingrelian are:
- Zugdidi-Samurzakano or Northwest dialect
- Dzhvari
- Senaki or Southeast dialect
- Martvili-Bandza
- Abasha
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Mingrelian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Famous speakers [edit]
- Lavrenti Beria, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin's chief of secret police
- Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, one of the most influential Georgian writers of the 20th century
- Zviad Gamsakhurdia, first president of post-Soviet Georgia
- Antisa Khvichava, claimed world's oldest person (purportedly 132 years old at the time of her death in 2012).[6]
References [edit]
- ^ "Mingrelian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
- ^ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J., eds. (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 1899. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
- ^ http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf[dead link]
- ^ K2olxuri Ena (Colchian Language)[dead link]
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100708/ap_on_re_eu/eu_georgia_oldest_person
- Aleksandre Tsagareli (1880), Megrelskie Etiudi, Analiz Fonetiki Megrelskogo Yazika ("Megrelian Studies — The Analysis of Phonetics of Megrelian Language"). (Russian)
- Ioseb Kipshidze (1914), Grammatika Mingrel’skogo (Iverskogo) Jazyka ("Grammar of Megrelian (Iverian) Language"). (Russian)
- Shalva Beridze (1920), Megruli (Iveriuli) Ena ("Megrelian (Iverian) Language"). (Georgian)
- Laurence Broers (2004), Containing the Nation, Building the State - Coping with Nationalism, Minorities, and Conflict in Post-Soviet Georgia.
- English-Mengrelian dictionary
External links [edit]
- Mingrelian Ethnologue report
- Nanashi Nina - The First ABCBook In Megrelian
- TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch (German)
- Otar Kajaia's Megrelian-Georgian dictionary at TITUS.
- Megrelian Project at Lund University, Sweden
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