Modernism (music)

Periods of Western art music
Early
Medieval	(500–1400)
Renaissance	(1400–1600)
Baroque	(1600–1760)
Common practice
Baroque	(1600–1760)
Classical	(1750–1830)
Romantic	(1815–1910)
Modern and contemporary
20th century	(1900–2000)
Contemporary	(1975–present)
21st century	(2000–present)

Modernism in music is characterized by a desire for progress and innovation, is dominated by a belief in science and technology, and is shaped in a context of positivism, urbanization, mechanization, mass culture, and nationalism.

Defining musical modernism

In music, the term "modernism" refers generally to the significant departures in musical language that occurred at or around the beginning of the 20th century, creating new understandings of harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation" (Metzer 2009, 3). Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no one musical language ever assumed a dominant position (Morgan 1984, 443).

Musicologist Carl Dahlhaus restricted his definition of musical modernism to progressive music in the period 1890–1910:

The year 1890...lends itself as an obvious point of historical discontinuity....The "breakthrough" Mahler, Strauss and Debussy implying a profound historical transformation....If we were to search for a name to convey the breakaway mood of the 1890s (a mood symbolized musically by the opening bars of Strauss's Don Juan) but without imposing a fictitious unity of style on the age, we could do worse than revert to [the] term "modernism" extending (with some latitude) from the 1890 to the beginnings of our own twentieth-century modern music in 1910....The label "late romanticism"...is a terminological blunder of the first order and ought to be abandoned forthwith. It is absurd to yoke Strauss, Mahler, and the young Schoenberg, composers who represent modernism in the minds of their turn-of-the-century contemporaries, with the self-proclaimed anti-modernist Pfitzner, calling them all "late romantics" in order to supply a veneer of internal unity to an age fraught with stylistic contradictions and conflicts. (Dahlhaus 1989, 334)

Leon Botstein, on the other hand, asserts that musical modernism is characterized by "a conception of modernity dominated by the progress of science, technology and industry, and by positivism, mechanization, urbanization, mass culture and nationalism", an aesthetic reaction to which "reflected not only enthusiasm but ambivalence and anxiety" (Botstein 2007).

Other writers regard musical modernism as an historical period extending from about 1890 to 1930, and apply the term "postmodernism" to the period after that year (Karolyi 1994, 135; Meyer 1994, 331–32).

Still other writers assert that modernism is not attached to any historical period, but rather is "an attitude of the composer; a living construct that can evolve with the times" (McHard 2008, 14).

Examples of modernism in music

• Sound based composition

In the 1910s, futurists such as Luigi Russolo looked to a future of music liberated to the point of being able to use any sound, even "noises" such as factory and mechanical sounds (Russolo 1913), while Edgard Varèse created his Poème électronique specifically for the Philips Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair with 400 speakers, designed by Le Corbusier with the assistance of Iannis Xenakis (Anon. n.d.).

• Extended techniques and sounds

John Cage and Lou Harrison wrote works in the late 1940s for percussion orchestra. Harrison later wrote for and built gamelans, while Cage popularized extended techniques on the piano in his prepared piano pieces, starting in 1938 (Drury n.d.). Starting in the early 1920s, Harry Partch built his own ensemble of instruments, mostly percussion and string instruments, to allow the performance of his theatrical ("corporeal") justly tuned microtonal music (Partch biography page at harrypartch.com).

• Expansion on/abandonment of tonality

Atonality, the twelve tone technique, polytonality, tone clusters, dissonant counterpoint, and serialism.^{[citation needed]}

Musical modernism's reception and controversy

Stanley Cavell describes the "burden of modernism" as caused by a situation wherein the "procedures and problems it now seems necessary to composers to employ and confront to make a work of art at all themselves insure that their work will not be comprehensible to an audience" (Cavell 1976, 187).

Brian Ferneyhough coined the neologisms "too-muchness" and "too-littleness" to describe the poles between which writings about aesthetic perception tend to swing (Ferneyhough 1995, 117).

See also

• Neoconservative postmodernism

Sources

• Albright, Daniel. 2000. Untwisting the Serpent: Modernism in Music, Literature, and Other Arts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226012530 (cloth) ISBN 0226012549 (pbk)
• Albright, Daniel. 2004. Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01267-0.
• Anon. n.d. "Poème electronique". The EMF Institute website (Archive, accessed 27 February 2012).
• Ashby, Arved. 2004. "Modernism Goes to the Movies". In The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology, edited by Arved Ashby, 345-86. Eastman Studies in Music. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
• Botstein, Leon. "Modernism". Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy. <http://www.grovemusic.com> (subscription access)
• Cavell, Stanley. 1976. "Music Discomposed", in his Must We Mean What We Say?^{[citation needed]}. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521290481 (cloth), ISBN 0521211166 (pbk). Updated edition, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521821886 (cloth), ISBN 0521529190 (pbk). Cited in^{[citation needed]} The Pleasure of Modernist Music, edited by, Arved Ashby, 146 n13. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
• Dahlhaus, Carl. 1989. Nineteenth-Century Music. Translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Drury, Stephen. n.d. "In a Landscape". http://www.stephendrury.com/ (Accessed 27 February 2012).
• Ferneyhough, Brian. 1995. Collected Writings, edited by James Boros and Richard Toop. New York: Routledge. ISBN 3718655772.
• Karolyi, Otto. 1994. Modern British Music: The Second British Musical Renaissance—From Elgar to P. Maxwell Davies. Rutherford, Madison, Teaneck: Farleigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3532-6.
• McHard, James L. 2008. The Future of Modern Music: A Philosophical Exploration of Modernist Music in the 20th Century and Beyond, 3rd edition. Livonia, Michigan: Iconic Press ISBN 978-0977819515.
• Metzer, David Joel. 2009. Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521517799.
• Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5.
• Morgan, Robert P. 1984. "Secret Languages: The Roots of Musical Modernism". Critical Inquiry 10, no. 3 (March): 442–61.
• Russolo, Luigi. 1913. L'arte dei rumori: manifesto futurista. Milan: Direzione del Movimento Futurista.

Further reading

• Albright, Daniel. 2011. "Musical Motives". In The Cambridge Companion to Modernism, second ed., edited by Michael H. Levenson. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107010632 (cloth); ISBN 0521281253 (pbk).
• Bernstein, David W., John Rockwell, and Johannes Goebel. 2008. The San Francisco Tape Music Center: 1960s Counterculture and the Avant-garde. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520248922 (cloth) ISBN 9780520256170 (pbk).
• Botstein, Leon. 1985. "Music and Its Public: Habits of Listening and the Crisis of Musical Modernism in Vienna, 1870–1914". Ph.D. thesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
• Bucknell, Brad. 2001. Literary Modernism and Musical Aesthetics: Pater, Pound, Joyce, and Stein. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521660289.
• Despic, Dejan, and Melita Milin (eds.). 2008. Rethinking Musical Modernism: Proceedings of the International Conference Held from October 11 to 13, 2007 / Muzicki modernizam—nova tumacenja : zbornik radova sa naucnog skupa odzanog od 11. do 13. oktobra 2007. Belgrade: Institute of Musicology. ISBN 9788670254633.
• Duncan, William Edmondstoune. 1917. Ultra-Modernism in Music: A Treatise on the Latter-day Revolution in Musical Art. Schirmer's Red Series of Music Text Books. London: Winthrop Rogers.
• Earle, Benjamin. 2011. Luigi Dallapiccola and Musical Modernism in Fascist Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521844031.
• Griffiths, Paul. 1981. Modern Music: The Avant Garde since 1945. New York: George Braziller. ISBN 0807610186 (pbk.)
• Sitsky, Larry. 2002. Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313296898.
• Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1987. The New Music: The Avant-garde Since 1945, second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0193154714 (cloth) ISBN 0193154684 (pbk).
• Straus, Joseph Nathan. 1990. Remaking the Past: Musical Modernism and the Influence of the Tonal Tradition. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674759907.
• Watkins, Glenn. 1994. Pyramids at the Louvre: Music, Culture, and Collage from Stravinsky to the Postmodernists. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674740831.
• Youmans, Charles Dowell. 2005. Richard Strauss's Orchestral Music and the German Intellectual Tradition: The Philosophical Roots of Musical Modernism. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253345731.

External links

• Audio lectures on the history of the Modern musical era by Prof. John Ronsheim