Breakthrough of the Year

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The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award made by the journal Science for the most significant development in scientific research. Originating in 1989 as the Molecule of the Year, and inspired by Time's Man of the Year, it was renamed the Breakthrough of the Year in 1996. The Breakthrough of the Year is widely recognized as one of the highest distinctions in science.[citation needed]

[edit] Molecule of the Year

Since 2002 the Molecule of the Year has been awarded by the International Society For Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology Protocols and Researches (ISMCBBPR).[7]

[edit] Breakthrough of the Year

Note - The claim of the discovery of the Higgs boson diverges somewhat from the discoverer's own descriptions and other experts in the field, which are worded more cautiously: - CERN, who made the discovery, and numerous particle physicists, have consistently stated in a cautious tone,[38] that while they have detected a previously unknown boson "consistent with" the Higgs boson in July 2012,[39] and while it is widely believed to be a Higgs boson and its behaviour (up to December 2012) remains consistent with a Standard Model Higgs boson, it may take some further time to prove conclusively whether it is in fact a Higgs boson.[40][41] CERN reiterated this position in a November 2012 bulletin,[42] and a review of 2012's work, dated December 21 2012.[43]

[edit] References

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  2. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1990). "The Molecule of the Year". Science 250 (4988): 1637. Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1637K. doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1637. 
  3. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1991). "Molecule of the Year". Science 254 (5039): 1705. Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1705K. doi:10.1126/science.254.5039.1705. 
  4. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1992). "The Molecule of the Year". Science 258 (5090): 1861. Bibcode:1992Sci...258.1861K. doi:10.1126/science.1470903. PMID 1470903. 
  5. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1993). "Molecule of the Year". Science 262 (5142): 1953. Bibcode:1993Sci...262.1953K. doi:10.1126/science.8266084. PMID 8266084. 
  6. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1994). "Molecule of the Year: the DNA repair enzyme". Science 266 (5193): 1925. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1925K. doi:10.1126/science.7801114. PMID 7801114. 
  7. ^ Molecule of the Year. ISMCBBPR.
  8. ^ Kitareewan S, Pitha-Rowe I, Sekula D, Lowrey CH, Nemeth MJ, Golub TR, Freemantle SJ, Dmitrovsky E. (2002). "UBE1L is a retinoid target that triggers PML/RARα degradation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia". PNAS 99 (6): 3806–11. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3806K. doi:10.1073/pnas.052011299. PMC 122605. PMID 11891284. 
  9. ^ Nancy J. Sullivan, Thomas W. Geisbert, Joan B. Geisbert, Ling Xu, Zhi-yong Yang, Mario Roederer, Richard A. Koup, Peter B. Jahrling and Gary J. Nabel (2000). "Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates". Nature 408 (6812): 605–9. doi:10.1038/35046108. PMID 11117750. 
  10. ^ George D Prell, Giorgio P Martinelli, Gay R Holstein, Jasenka Matuli?-Adami?, Kyoichi A Watanabe, Susan L F Chan, Noel G Morgan, Musa A Haxhiu, Paul Ernsberger (2004). "Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide: an endogenous ligand that stimulates imidazol(in)e receptors". PNAS 101 (37): 13677–13682. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10113677P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404846101. 
  11. ^ Rosa M.F. Cardoso, Michael B. Zwick, Robyn L. Stanfield, Renate Kunert, James M. Binley, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burtonand Ian A. Wilson. (2005). "Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10 Recognizes a Helical Conformation of a Highly Conserved Fusion-Associated Motif in gp41". immunity 22 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.011. PMID 15723805. 
  12. ^ Nozomu Yanaihara, Natasha Caplen, Elise Bowman, Masahiro Seike, Kensuke Kumamoto, Ming Yi, Robert M. Stephens, Aikou Okamoto, Jun Yokota, Ta dao Tanaka, George Adrian Calin, Chang-Gong Liu, Carlo M. Croce and Curtis C. Harris. (2006). "Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis". Cancer Cell 9 (3): 189–198. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.01.025. PMID 16530703. 
  13. ^ Yoshiro Ishimaru, Hitoshi Inada, Momoka Kubota, Hanyi Zhuang, Makoto Tominaga and Hiroaki Matsunami (2006). "Transient receptor potential family members PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 form a candidate sour taste receptor". PNAS 103 (33): 12569–12574. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312569I. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602702103. 
  14. ^ Stephanie Planque, Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Hiroaki Taguchi, Maria Salas, Carl Hanson and Sudhir Paul (2008). "Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility". Autoimmunity Reviews 7 (6): 473–479. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002. PMC 2527403. PMID 18558365. 
  15. ^ Mátés L, Chuah MK, Belay E, Jerchow B, Manoj N, Acosta-Sanchez A, Grzela DP, Schmitt A, Becker K, Matrai J, Ma L, Samara-Kuko E, Gysemans C, Pryputniewicz D, Miskey C, Fletcher B, Vandendriessche T, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z. (2009). "Molecular evolution of a novel hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase enables robust stable gene transfer in vertebrates". Nature Genetics 41 (6): 753–61. doi:10.1038/ng.343. PMID 19412179. 
  16. ^ Gemenetzidis E, Costea ED, Parkinson EK, Waseem A, Wan H, Teh MT. (2010). "Induction of Human Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Expansion by FOXM1". Cancer Research 70 (22): 9515–26. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2173. PMC 3044465. PMID 21062979. 
  17. ^ Molecule of the Year 2010: http://ismcbbpr.synthasite.com/molyearnews.php
  18. ^ Queen Mary University of London Press release: http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/smd/44466.html
  19. ^ Press release: http://www.biotechniques.com/news/2010-Molecule-of-the-Year/biotechniques-311295.html
  20. ^ http://www.scientistsolutions.com/t23427-announcing+ismcbbpr_s+molecule+of+the+year+2011.html scientistsolutions.com
  21. ^ Michael Balter (1996). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. New Hope in HIV Disease". Science 274 (5295): 1988–1991. Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1988.. doi:10.1126/science.274.5295.1988. 
  22. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (1997). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Cloning: The Lamb That Roared". Science 278 (5346): 2038–2039. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.2038P. doi:10.1126/science.278.5346.2038. 
  23. ^ James Glanz (1998). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. ASTRONOMY: Cosmic Motion Revealed". Science 282 (5397): 2156–2157. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2156G. doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a. 
  24. ^ Gretchen Vogel (1999). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Capturing the Promise of Youth". Science 286 (5448): 2238–2239. doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2238. PMID 10636772. 
  25. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2000). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Genomics Comes of Age". Science 290 (5500): 2220–2221. doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2220. PMID 11188701. 
  26. ^ Robert F. Service (2001). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Molecules Get Wired". Science 294 (5551): 2442–2443. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2442. PMID 11752536. 
  27. ^ Jennifer Couzin (2002). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Small RNAs Make Big Splash". Science 298 (5602): 2296–2297. doi:10.1126/science.298.5602.2296. PMID 12493875. 
  28. ^ Charles Seife (2003). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Illuminating the Dark Universe". Science 302 (5653): 2038–2039. doi:10.1126/science.302.5653.2038. PMID 14684787. 
  29. ^ Richard A. Kerr (2004). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. On Mars, a Second Chance for Life". Science 306 (5704): 2010–2012. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2010. PMID 15604365. 
  30. ^ Elizabeth Culotta, Elizabeth Pennisi (2005). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Evolution in Action". Science 310 (5756): 1878–1879. doi:10.1126/science.310.5756.1878. PMID 16373538. 
  31. ^ Dana Mackenzie (2006). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The Poincaré Conjecture—Proved". Science 314 (5807): 1848–1849. doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1848. PMID 17185565. 
  32. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2007). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Human Genetic Variation". Science 318 (5858): 1842–1843. doi:10.1126/science.318.5858.1842. PMID 18096770. 
  33. ^ Gretchen Vogel (2008). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Reprogramming Cells". Science 322 (5909): 1766–1767. doi:10.1126/science.322.5909.1766. PMID 19095902. 
  34. ^ Ann Gibbons (2009). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Ardipithecus ramidus". Science 326 (5960): 1598–1599. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1598G. doi:10.1126/science.326.5960.1598-a. 
  35. ^ Adrian Cho (2010). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The First Quantum Machine". Science 330 (6011): 1604. Bibcode:2010Sci...330.1604C. doi:10.1126/science.330.6011.1604. 
  36. ^ Jon Cohen (2011). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. HIV Treatment as Prevention". Science 334 (6063): 1628. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1628C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1628. PMID 22194547. 
  37. ^ "Breakthrough of the Year, 2012". Science. 
  38. ^ Celeste Biever at CERN (2012-07-06). "It's a boson! But we need to know if it's the Higgs". NewScientist. Retrieved 9 January 2013. ""As a layman, I would say, I think we have it," said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director general of CERN at Wednesday's seminar announcing the results of the search for the Higgs boson. But when pressed by journalists afterwards on what exactly "it" was, things got more complicated. "We have discovered a boson – now we have to find out what boson it is"
    Q: If we don't know the new particle is a Higgs, what do we know about it? We know it is some kind of boson, says Vivek Sharma of CMS [...]
    Q: are the CERN scientists just being too cautious? What would be enough evidence to call it a Higgs boson? As there could be many different kinds of Higgs bosons, there's no straight answer.
    [emphasis in original]"     
  39. ^ "CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson". CERN press release. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 
  40. ^ Strassler, Matt (2012-11-14). "Higgs Results at Kyoto". Of Particular Significance: Conversations About Science with Theoretical Physicist Matt Strassler. Prof. Matt Strassler's personal particle physics website. Retrieved 10 January 2013. "ATLAS and CMS only just co-discovered this particle in July ... We will not know after today whether it is a Higgs at all, whether it is a Standard Model Higgs or not, or whether any particular speculative idea...is now excluded. [...] Knowledge about nature does not come easy. We discovered the top quark in 1995, and we are still learning about its properties today... we will still be learning important things about the Higgs during the coming few decades. We’ve no choice but to be patient." 
  41. ^ Sample, Ian (14 November 2012). "Higgs particle looks like a bog Standard Model boson, say scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2012. 
  42. ^ Del Rosso, Antonella (2012-11-19). "Higgs: the beginning of the exploration". Bulletin Issue: 47/2012 & 48/2012, Mon 19 Nov 2012, ref: BUL-NA-2012-357. CERN weekly bulletin. Retrieved 9 January 2013. "Even in the most specialized circles, the new particle discovered in July is not called the “Higgs boson” yet. Physicists still hesitate to give it this name because they want to be sure that its properties fit with those predicted by the Higgs theory." 
  43. ^ O'Luanaigh, Cian (2012-12-21). "Highlights from CERN in 2012". CERN official blog. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ""[] we don't yet know the full details of the particle announced in July, [but] it is looking more and more like the Higgs boson []" says [CERN Director-General Rolf] Heuer" 
Breakthrough of the Year
Science journal
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