Morarji Desai

Morarji Desai
4th Prime Minister of India
In office 24 March 1977 – 28 July 1979
President	Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Preceded by	Indira Gandhi
Succeeded by	Charan Singh
Minister of Home Affairs
In office 1 July 1978 – 28 July 1979
Preceded by	Charan Singh
Succeeded by	Yashwantrao Chavan
Deputy Prime Minister of India
In office 13 March 1967 – 16 July 1969
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	Vallabhbhai Patel
Succeeded by	Charan Singh Jagjivan Ram
Minister of Finance
In office 13 March 1967 – 16 July 1969
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	Sachindra Chaudhuri
Succeeded by	Indira Gandhi
In office 13 March 1958 – 29 August 1963
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	Jawaharlal Nehru
Succeeded by	Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachari
Personal details
Born	(1896-02-29)29 February 1896 Bhadeli, Bombay Presidency, British India (now Valsad, Gujarat, India)
Died	10 April 1995(1995-04-10) (aged 99) New Delhi, Delhi, India
Political party	Janata Dal (1988–1995)
Other political affiliations	Indian National Congress (Before 1969) Indian National Congress-Organisation (1969–1977) Janata Party (1977–1988)
Alma mater	Wilson College, Mumbai
Profession	civil servant Activist
Religion	Hinduism

Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: मोरारजी देसाई; 29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995), _NPk was a notable Indian independence activist and the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 - 1979. He was also the first Prime Minister to head the India's first non-Congress Government. At foreign fronts, Desai holds international fame for his peace activism and made notable efforts to initiate peace between two-rival South Asian states, Pakistan and India. After India's first nuclear explosion in 1974, Smiling Buddha, Desai helped restore friendly relations with China and Pakistan, and vowed to avoid armed conflict such as Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. Desai has the credible distinction of being the only Indian national to be conferred with Pakistan's highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, which was honored to him by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 1990 in a colorful ceremony. Domestically, he played crucial role in Indian nuclear program after it was targeted by major nuclear power countries after conducting a surprise test in 1974. Later, his policies promoted social, health and administrative reforms in the country.

Early life

Morarji Desai was born into an Anavil Brahmin family in Bhadeli, Valsad in Bombay Presidency (now in Gujarat). His schooling life of Primary section is in Saurashtra The Kundla School, Savarkundla. It's now actual name is J.V.Modi School.After he joined Bai Ava Bai High School, Valsad. After graduating from Wilson College, Mumbai, he joined the civil service in Gujarat. Later, he left the service of the British in 1924 and joined the civil disobedience movement against British rule in India in 1930. He spent many years in jail during the freedom struggle and owing to his sharp leadership skills and tough spirit, he became a favourite amongst freedom-fighters and an important leader of the Indian National Congress in Gujarat. When provincial elections were held in 1934 and 1937, Desai was elected and served as the Revenue Minister and Home Minister of the Bombay Presidency.

In government

Morarji Desai in 1937, as Congress Home Minister of Bombay Presidency

Before the independence of India, he became Bombay's Home Minister and later was elected as Chief Minister of Bombay State in 1952. The state was a bi-lingual state, home to Gujarati-speaking and Marathi-speaking people. Since the 1956, Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti led a movement for a Marathi-only speaking state of Maharashtra. A staunch nationalist himself, Morarji Desai was opposed to such movements including the Mahagujarat Movement led by Indulal Yagnik demanding a new state of Gujarat. He proposed that the metropolitan Mumbai, as coined by earlier Koli inhabitants), be made into a union territory or a separate development region to suit its cosmopolitan nature, due to its long-settled citizens from diverse settings across various linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds spanning several generations. In opposition to his alleged Gandhian thoughts, he ordered police to fire on a mob of demonstrators by the Mumbai-unit of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti at Flora Fountain when there was heavy damage caused to public property and commercial offices by the rampaging rioters in the vicinity of Bombay Stock Exchange, considered the primary trading hub and financial capital of the nation. Morarji ordered firing which killed 105 rioters during the entire incident. This escalated the issue and justice was done by creating two separate states based on language as formulated after independence. After the subsequent formation of the present State of Maharashtra, Mumbai became its state capital. Flora Fountain was renamed as "Hutatma Chowk" (Martyrs' Square) to commemorate the 105 men killed in the firing. Later Desai moved to Delhi as he got appointed in the cabinet.

As Home Minister, Desai outlawed any portrayals of indecency (which included "kissing" scenes) in films and theatrical productions. Being a staunch Gandhian, Desai was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's socialistic policies.

Rising in Congress leadership, as a fierce nationalistic and anti-corruption leanings, Desai was at odds with Prime Minister Nehru and his allies, and with Nehru's age and health failing, he was considered as a possible contender for the position of Prime Minister. Outflanked in the leadership contest after Nehru's death in 1964 by the Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri, Desai remained content to build support within the ranks.

In early 1966, the unexpected passing away of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after only 18 months in power, made Morarji Desai once again a contender for the top position. However, he was defeated by Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi in the Congress party leadership election by a narrow margin. Desai served as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance minister of India in the Indira Gandhi government until 1969 when Prime Minister Mrs Gandhi without consulting him took away the finance portfolio from him. at the same time, she also nationalised the fourteen biggest banks in India. These acts compelled Morarji Desai resign from the Gandhi cabinet. In the subsequent split of the Congress party, Morarji joined the Indian National Congress (Organisation) faction of the party, whereas Mrs. Gandhi's formed a new faction named Indian National Congress (Ruling). The 1971 general elections to the Indian parliament were won by Indira Gandhi's Indicate faction in a landslide. Morarji Desai, however, was elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or lower house of Parliament. Morarji Desai again went on indefinite hunger strike on 12 March 1975 to support Nav Nirman movement.

Allegations by Mrs. Indira Gandhi's opponents of her using Government civil servants and equipment during campaigning in the 1971 elections led to Mrs Gandhi's conviction of electoral fraud by the Allahbad High Court in 1975. During the subsequent Emergency rule in 1975–76, Morarji-bhai and other opposition leaders were put in jail by the Indira Gandhi government.

The popular anti-corruption movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan and the anti-Emergency wave in 1977 led to the complete routing of the Congress party in Northern India and a landslide victory for the opposition Janata alliance in the National elections held in March 1977. Morarji Desai was selected by the Janata alliance, later Janata Party as their parliamentary leader, and thus became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

Prime minister

Main article: Premiership of Morarji Desai

Morarji Desai became the prime minister after the landslide victory of the Janata coalition in 1977. The coalition, later the janata party, was full of personal and policy friction and thus failed to achieve much owing to continuous in-wrangling and much controversy. With no party in leadership of the coalition, rival groups vied to unseat Desai. Controversial trials of prominent Congress leaders, including Indira Gandhi over Emergency-era abuses worsened the fortunes of his administration. Desai worked to improve relations with neighbour and arch-rival Pakistan and restored normal relations with China, for the first time since the 1962 war. He communicated with Zia-ul-Haq and established friendly relations. Diplomatic relations were also re-established with China. His government undid many amendments made to the constitution during emergency and made it difficult for any future government to impose national emergency.

Since India's first nuclear test in 1974, Desai kept India's nuclear reactors stating "they will never be used for atomic bombs, and I will see to it if I can help it". [2] In 1977, the Carter administration sold India, heavy water and uranium for its nuclear reactors but required American on-site inspection of nuclear materials. Desai declined, seeing the American stance as contradictory, in light of its own nuclear arsenal. [3]

Retirement and death

In 1979, Raj Narain and Charan Singh pulled out of the Janata Party, forcing Desai to resign from office and retire from politics at the age of 83. The chief reason for the collapse was the demand by the duo and other left leaning members like Madhu Limaye, Krishan Kant and George Fernandes that no member of the Janata party could simultaneously be a member of an alternative social or political organisation. This attack on dual membership was directed specifically at members of the Janata party who had been members of the Jan Sangh, and continued to be members of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Jan Sangh's ideological parent.

Desai campaigned for Janata Party in 1980 General Election as a senior politician but did not contest the election himself. , In retirement, he lived in Mumbai, and died at the age of 99. He had been honoured much in his last years as a freedom-fighter of his generation.

Morarji Desai was a strict follower of Mahatma Gandhi's principles and a moralist. He is still, however, considered responsible for killing of demonstrators of Sanyukta Maharashtra Samiti. He was a vegetarian “both by birth and by conviction.”

Feud with R&AW

Morarji Desai had described the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency, as the praetorian guard of Indira Gandhi and had promised to stop all activities of the R&AW after becoming prime minister. He closed down much of the agency, and reduced its budget and operations. B. Raman, the former head of the Counter-Terrorism Division of R&AW and noted security analyst, reveals that, in an unguarded moment, Morarji Desai indiscreetly told Pakistan's Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia ul-Haq that his government was well aware of Pakistan's nuclear development which prompted the Pakistani government in removing all spies from around its nuclear research facilities and thus finally being successful in its nuclear dream.

Social service

Morarji Desai was a Gandhian follower, social worker, institution builder and a great reformer. He was the Chancellor of Gujarat Vidyapith (university established by Mahatma Gandhi). Even during his term as the Prime Minister he used to visit and stay at Vidyapith during the month of October. He lived simply and used to write post cards himself even when he held the office of Prime Minister. Sardar Patel deputed him to conduct meetings of farmers in Kaira district which finally led to the establishment of the Amul Cooperative movement. During his rule, he withdrew intervention in Public Distribution System and rationing shops were literally lost due to cheap sugar and oil available in the market.

Family

Morarji Desai is survived by his son Kanti Desai, two grandsons Bharat and Jagdeep Desai and four great grand sons. The only one of them to hold any political ambition is Madhukeshwar Desai, one of his great grand sons, son of Jagdeep Desai, who has taken it upon himself to revive the legacy of his illustrious great grandfather-seal.

Vishaal Desai, son of Bharat Desai, is an aspiring filmmaker and writer.

References

Political offices
Preceded by Jawaharlal Nehru	Minister of Finance 1958–1963	Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachari
Preceded by Vallabhbhai Patel	Deputy Prime Minister of India 1967–1969	Succeeded by Charan Singh
		Succeeded by Jagjivan Ram
Preceded by Sachindra Chaudhuri	Minister of Finance 1967–1969	Succeeded by Indira Gandhi
Preceded by Indira Gandhi	Prime Minister of India 1977–1979	Succeeded by Charan Singh
	Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1977–1979
Preceded by Charan Singh	Minister of Home Affairs 1978–1979	Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan
Preceded by B. G. Kher	Chief Minister of Bombay State 1952-1957	Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan