Moving Picture Experts Group

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"MPEG" redirects here. For the Motion Picture Editors Guild also known as MPEG, see Motion Picture Editors Guild
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The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) was formed by the ISO to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission.[1] Its first meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 - Coding of moving pictures and audio.[2][3][4][5]

Contents

[edit] Overview

Compression methodology

The MPEG compression methodology is considered asymmetric in that the encoder is more complex than the decoder.[1] The encoder needs to be algorithmic or adaptive whereas the decoder is 'dumb' and carries out fixed actions.[1] This is considered advantageous in applications such as broadcasting where the number of expensive complex encoders is small but the number of simple inexpensive decoders is large. This approach of the ISO to standardization in MPEG is considered novel because it is not the encoder which is standardized; instead, the way in which a decoder shall interpret the bitstream is defined. A decoder which can successfully interpret the bitstream is said to be compliant.[1] The advantage of standardizing the decoder is that over time encoding algorithms can improve yet compliant decoders will continue to function with them.[1] The MPEG standards give very little information regarding structure and operation of the encoder and implementers can supply encoders using proprietary algorithms.[6] This gives scope for competition between different encoder designs which means that better designs can evolve and users will have greater choice because of different levels of cost and complexity can exist in a range of coders yet a compliant decoder will operate with them all.[6]

MPEG also standardizes the protocol and syntax under which it is possible to combine or multiplex audio data with video data to produce a digital equivalent of a television program. Many such programs can be multiplexed and MPEG defines the way in which such multiplexes can be created and transported. The definitions include the metadata used by decoders to demultiplex correctly.[7]

[edit] Standards

The MPEG standards consist of different Parts. Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.[8] The standards also specify Profiles and Levels. Profiles are intended to define a set of tools that are available, and Levels define the range of appropriate values for the properties associated with them.[9] Some of the approved MPEG standards were revised by later amendments and/or new editions. MPEG has standardized the following compression formats and ancillary standards:

  • MPEG-1 (1993): Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s (ISO/IEC 11172). The first MPEG compression standard for audio and video. It was basically designed to allow moving pictures and sound to be encoded into the bitrate of a Compact Disc. It is used on Video CD, SVCD and can be used for low-quality video on DVD Video. It was used in digital satellite/cable TV services before MPEG-2 became widespread. To meet the low bit requirement, MPEG-1 downsamples the images, as well as uses picture rates of only 24-30 Hz, resulting in a moderate quality.[10] It includes the popular Layer 3 (MP3) audio compression format.
  • MPEG-3: MPEG-3 dealt with standardizing scalable and multi-resolution compression[10] and was intended for HDTV compression but was found to be redundant and was merged with MPEG-2, as a result there is no MPEG-3 standard.[11][10] MPEG-3 is not to be confused with MP3, which is MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3.
  • MPEG-4 (1998): Coding of audio-visual objects. (ISO/IEC 14496) MPEG-4 uses further coding tools with additional complexity to achieve higher compression factors than MPEG-2.[12] In addition to more efficient coding of video, MPEG-4 moves closer to computer graphics applications. In more complex profiles, the MPEG-4 decoder effectively becomes a rendering processor and the compressed bitstream describes three-dimensional shapes and surface texture.[12] MPEG-4 also provides Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) which provides the facility to use proprietary technologies to manage and protect content like digital rights management.[13] Several new higher-efficiency video standards (newer than MPEG-2 Video) are included, notably:

In addition, the following standards, while not sequential advances to the video encoding standard as with MPEG-1 through MPEG-4, are referred to by similar notation:

  • MPEG-7 (2002): Multimedia content description interface. (ISO/IEC 15938)
  • MPEG-21 (2001): Multimedia framework (MPEG-21). (ISO/IEC 21000) MPEG describes this standard as a multimedia framework and provides for intellectual property management and protection.

Moreover, relatively more recently than other standards above, MPEG has started following international standards; each of the standards holds multiple MPEG technologies for a way of application.[14][15][16][17][18] (For example, MPEG-A includes a number of technologies on multimedia application format.)

  • MPEG-A (2007): Multimedia application format (MPEG-A). (ISO/IEC 23000) (e.g. Purpose for multimedia application formats[19], MPEG music player application format, MPEG photo player application format and others)
  • MPEG-C (2006): MPEG video technologies. (ISO/IEC 23002) (e.g. Accuracy requirements for implementation of integer-output 8x8 inverse discrete cosine transform[21] and others)
  • MPEG-D (2007): MPEG audio technologies. (ISO/IEC 23003) (e.g. MPEG Surround[22] and two parts under development: SAOC-Spatial Audio Object Coding and USAC-Unified Speech and Audio Coding)
  • MPEG-E (2007): Multimedia Middleware. (ISO/IEC 23004) (a.k.a. M3W) (e.g. Architecture[23], Multimedia application programming interface (API), Component model and others)
  • Supplemental media technologies (2008). (ISO/IEC 29116) Part 1: Media streaming application format protocols will be revised in MPEG-M Part 4 - MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols.[24]
  • MPEG-V (under development): Media context and control. (ISO/IEC CD 23005) (a.k.a. Information exchange with Virtual Worlds) [25][26] (e.g. Avatar characteristics, Sensor information, Architecture[27][28] and others)
  • MPEG-M (under development): MPEG eXtensible Middleware (MXM). (ISO/IEC FCD 23006) [29][30][31] (e.g. MXM architecture and technologies[32], API, MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols[33])
  • MPEG-U (under development): Rich media user interfaces. (ISO/IEC CD 23007)[34][35] (e.g. Widgets)
MPEG groups of standards[36][37][15][16][17]
Acronym for a group of standards Title ISO/IEC standards First public release date (First edition) Description
MPEG-1 Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s ISO/IEC 11172 1993
MPEG-2 Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information ISO/IEC 13818 1995
MPEG-3 abandoned, incorporated into MPEG-2
MPEG-4 Coding of audio-visual objects ISO/IEC 14496 1999
MPEG-7 Multimedia content description interface ISO/IEC 15938 2002
MPEG-21 Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) ISO/IEC 21000 2001
MPEG-A Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) ISO/IEC 23000 2007
MPEG-B MPEG systems technologies ISO/IEC 23001 2006
MPEG-C MPEG video technologies ISO/IEC 23002 2006
MPEG-D MPEG audio technologies ISO/IEC 23003 2007
MPEG-E Multimedia Middleware ISO/IEC 23004 2007
(none) Supplemental media technologies ISO/IEC 29116 2008 will be revised in MPEG-M Part 4 - MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols
MPEG-V Media context and control ISO/IEC CD 23005 under development
MPEG-M MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) ISO/IEC FCD 23006 under development
MPEG-U Rich media user interfaces ISO/IEC CD 23007 under development

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e John Watkinson, The MPEG Handbook, p.1
  2. ^ ISO, IEC (2009-11-05). "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  3. ^ MPEG Committee. "MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group". http://wg11.sc29.org/index.xalter. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  4. ^ ISO. "MPEG Standards - Coded representation of video and audio". http://www.iso.org/iso/prods-services/popstds/mpeg.html. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  5. ^ ISO. "JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information". http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=45316. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 
  6. ^ a b John Watkinson, The MPEG Handbook, p.2
  7. ^ John Watkinson, The MPEG Handbook, p.3
  8. ^ Understanding MPEG-4, p.78
  9. ^ Cliff Wootton. A Practical Guide to Video and Audio Compression. pp. p.665. 
  10. ^ a b c d The MPEG Handbook, p.4
  11. ^ Salomon, David (2007). "Video Compression". Data compression: the complete reference (4 ed.). Springer. p. 676. ISBN 978-1-84628-602-5. 
  12. ^ a b The MPEG Handbook, pp.4-5
  13. ^ Understanding MPEG-4, p.83
  14. ^ Official MPEG Web Site
  15. ^ a b MPEG. "About MPEG - Achievements". chiariglione.org. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/achievements.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  16. ^ a b MPEG. "Terms of Reference". chiariglione.org. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/terms_of_reference.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  17. ^ a b MPEG. "MPEG standards - Full list of standards developed or under development". chiariglione.org. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  18. ^ MPEG. "MPEG technologies". chiariglione.org. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  19. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC TR 23000-1:2007 - Information technology -- Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) -- Part 1: Purpose for multimedia application formats". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42010. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  20. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23001-1:2006 - Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=35417. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  21. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23002-1:2006 - Information technology -- MPEG video technologies -- Part 1: Accuracy requirements for implementation of integer-output 8x8 inverse discrete cosine transform". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=42030. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  22. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23003-1:2007 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 1: MPEG Surround". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44159. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  23. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23004-1:2007 - Information technology -- Multimedia Middleware -- Part 1: Architecture". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44350. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  24. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 29116-1:2008 - Information technology -- Supplemental media technologies -- Part 1: Media streaming application format protocols". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45139. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  25. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-10-30). "MPEG-V (Media context and control)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-V. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  26. ^ MPEG. "Working documents - MPEG-V (Information Exchange with Virtual Worlds)". chiariglione.org. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/working_documents.htm#MPEG-V. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  27. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC CD 23005-1 - Information technology -- Media context and control -- Part 1: Architecture". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54985. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  28. ^ Christian Timmerer, Jean Gelissen, Markus Waltl, and Hermann Hellwagner (PDF), Interfacing with Virtual Worlds, http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/technologies/mpv/MPEG-V.pdf, retrieved 2009-10-31 
  29. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-10-30). "MPEG-M (MPEG extensible middleware (MXM))". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-M. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  30. ^ MPEG. "MPEG Extensible Middleware (MXM)". http://mxm.wg11.sc29.org. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
  31. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (2008-10). "MPEG eXtensible Middleware Vision". ISO. http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/visions/mxm/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  32. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC FCD 23006-1 - Information technology -- MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) -- Part 1: MXM architecture and technologies". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54768. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  33. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC FCD 23006-4 - Information technology -- MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) -- Part 4: MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55256. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  34. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC CD 23007-1 - Information technology -- Rich media user interfaces -- Part 1: Widgets". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55497. Retrieved 2009-10-31. 
  35. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-10-30). "MPEG-U (Rich media user interfaces)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-U. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 
  36. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-11-05). "Programme of Work (Allocated to SC 29/WG 11)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  37. ^ ISO. "JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45316. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 

[edit] External links


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