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Mudanjiang

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Mudanjiang
牡丹江
Prefecture-level city
牡丹江市
Mudanjiang City (red) in Heilongjiang province (orange) and China
Mudanjiang City (red) in Heilongjiang province (orange) and China
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHeilongjiang
Area
 • Prefecture-level city40,435 km2 (15,612 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,608 km2 (621 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,608 km2 (621 sq mi)
Elevation
233 m (764 ft)
Population
 (2010 census)
 • Prefecture-level city2,798,723
 • Density69/km2 (180/sq mi)
 • Urban
805,584
 • Urban density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
805,584
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Licence plates黑C
Websitehttp://www.mudanjiang.gov.cn/

Mudanjiang (Chinese: 牡丹江; pinyin: Mǔdānjiāng; Manchu: Mudan bira ᠮᡠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ) is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. The administrative seat of the prefecture resides in Mudanjiang City. It was called Botankou when it was under Japanese occuption. It serves as a regional communications hub with a railway junction and an international airport connecting with several major Chinese cities as well as Seoul, Korea. Mudanjiang is also an important border city, located only 248 km from Vladivostok, Russia. In 2011 Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 93.48 billion with a 15.1% growth rate.

Its population is 2,798,723 at the 2010 census whom 805,584 live in the built up area made of 4 urban districts.[1]

History

Mudanjiang Railway Station during the 1900s

Mudanjiang was originally the nomadic area of the Manchu herdsmen from 2,300 years ago. During Tang Dynasty, Balhae established their permanent capital Sanggyeong near Lake Jingpo in the south of today's Mudanjiang city around 755 AD. On January 14, 926, Sanggyeong was fallen while Balhae was defeated by the Khitans.

The city of Mudanjiang is named after for the Mudanjiang River (literally, "Peony River") flowing through it. Czarist Russia built a train station for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Mudanjiang in 1903, after which local development started boosting. Both Chinese and Russian settlers established themselves here. Mudanjiang was little more than a large village until the 1920s. By that time, Mudanjiang was strongly overshadowed by the nearby county town of Ningan (Former Ninguta).[2] However, merchants from several countries including France, Russia, Britain and Denmark set up subagencies in Mudanjiang during this period, which led the trade area of the city to a rapid expansion.

Ginza street of Mudanjiang, 1942

Since The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident. Mudanjiang experienced a substantial growth in the 1930s under the Japanese occupation. Mudanjiang also became a military and administrative center going by the name Botankou, particularly after the railway from Tumen to Jiamusi was constructed in 1933. By that time several light industries including light engineering, lumbering, and food processing was established in the town. On December 1, 1937, Botankou City was established by Manchukuo government, administerring five counties. On October 15, 1938, Japanese Government set up a consulate in Botankou and promoted Botankou as a municipality directly under the Manchukuo Government. As Manchukuo collapsed, Mudanjiang was captured by Soviet Army on August 14, 1945.[3]

Mudanjiang was controlled by the Communist force and became the capital of Songjiang Province in 1948. However, after Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province on June 19, 1954, Mudanjiang was reduced to a prefecture-level city.

Geography

Mudanjiang
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
4.7
 
 
−11
−23
 
 
5.5
 
 
−5
−18
 
 
11
 
 
3
−9
 
 
26
 
 
14
0
 
 
54
 
 
21
7
 
 
91
 
 
25
14
 
 
121
 
 
28
18
 
 
109
 
 
27
17
 
 
60
 
 
21
9
 
 
35
 
 
13
0
 
 
13
 
 
1
−10
 
 
7.9
 
 
−8
−19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA [4]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
13
−9
 
 
0.2
 
 
22
−1
 
 
0.4
 
 
38
16
 
 
1
 
 
57
33
 
 
2.1
 
 
70
45
 
 
3.6
 
 
77
56
 
 
4.8
 
 
82
64
 
 
4.3
 
 
80
62
 
 
2.4
 
 
70
48
 
 
1.4
 
 
55
32
 
 
0.5
 
 
34
15
 
 
0.3
 
 
18
−2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Mudanjiang is located in southeastern Heilongjiang province, and is also the province's southernmost prefecture. Neighbouring prefectures are:

It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is 230 metres (755 ft), with the terrain primarily consisting of mountains and hills. The east of the prefecture begins to ascend to the Changbai Mountains, while the central parts belong to the Hegu Basin. The lowest part of the prefecture is Suifenhe City, bordering Russia, at a minimum elevation of 86.5 metres (283.8 ft), while the highest point is Zhangguangcai, at 1,686.9 metres (5,534 ft).

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold winters. Its winters are dry and bitterly cold, with a 24-hour average in January of only −17.3 °C (0.9 °F), yet the city see little precipitation during this season and is often sunny. Moreover, winter temperatures are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. Summers can be hot, with a July mean temperature of 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). Summer is also when most of the year's rainfall occurs. Spring and autumn constitute brief transition periods with variable wind directions.

Climate data for Mudanjiang City (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−8
(18) 		10.7
(51.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −22.6
(−8.7) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−9
(16) 		0.4
(32.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.7
(0.19) 		5.5
(0.22) 		10.5
(0.41) 		25.6
(1.01) 		53.8
(2.12) 		90.6
(3.57) 		121.4
(4.78) 		108.9
(4.29) 		59.7
(2.35) 		35.2
(1.39) 		13.2
(0.52) 		7.9
(0.31) 		537.0
(21.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 5.5 6.5 8.5 12.9 15.9 14.8 13.9 11.0 8.5 6.8 5.8 115.1
Average relative humidity (%) 69 64 55 53 56 69 75 77 73 65 65 70 65.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.4 180.2 228.4 218.2 237.3 221.1 215.8 208.3 206.6 195.6 156.8 136.8 2,367.5
Source: China Meteorological Administration [4]

Administrative divisions

# Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population (2003 est.) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
1 Aimin District 爱民区 Àimín Qū 230,000 359 641
2 Dong'an District 东安区 Dōng'ān Qū 180,000 566 318
3 Yangming District 阳明区 Yángmíng Qū 160,000 358 447
4 Xi'an District 西安区 Xī'ān Qū 210,000 325 646
5 Muling City 穆棱市 Mùlíng Shì 330,000 6,094 54
6 Suifenhe City 绥芬河市 Suífēnhé Shi 60,000 427 141
7 Hailin City 海林市 Hǎilín Shì 440,000 9,877 45
8 Ning'an City 宁安市 Níng'ān Shì 440,000 7,870 56
9 Dongning County 东宁县 Dōngníng Xiàn 210,000 7,368 29
10 Linkou County 林口县 Línkǒu Xiàn 450,000 7,191 63

Economy

In 2010, the city's GDP rose 18.5% to RMB 78.1 billion, ranked fourth in Heilongjiang Province after Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar.[5] Tourist industry and light manufacturing are the mainstays of Mudanjiang's economy. Mudanjiang's pillar industries include accessory industry for automobiles, paper making, forest industry, petrochemicals, new materials, pharmacy and energy industry.[6] The foreign trade value increased 71.8% to US$9 billion in 2010, making up three-fourth of Heilongjiang Province's gross.

Development Zones

  • Mudanjiang to Russia Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Sino-Russian Information Industrial Garden
  • Mudanjiang Jiangnan Economic and Technological Development Area
  • Mudanjiang Bioindustry Development Zone
  • Heilongjiang Northern Pharmaceutical Technological Development Zone
  • Walking along the Mudanjiang river
    Walking along the Mudanjiang river
  • Monument to the women fallen in war
    Monument to the women fallen in war
  • The main street of the city
    The main street of the city
  • Panoramic view on the river
    Panoramic view on the river

References

  1. ^ 2010年黑龙江省第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China）
  2. ^ 牡丹江旅游局 (1990). 雪城牡丹江. 中国旅游出版社. ISBN 978-7-5032-2302-0.
  3. ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria". Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  4. ^ a b "中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）" (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  5. ^ 2010年牡丹江市国民经济和社会发展统计公报
  6. ^ Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks
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