Mūlamadhyamakakārikā

The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Devanagari: मूलमध्यमककारिका), or Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, is a key text by Nagarjuna, one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.

Exegesis and commentarial literature

The Akutobhayā, whose authorship is unknown, though is attributed to Nagarjuna in the tradition, is held by Ames (1993: p. 209) to be the first commentary on the MMK. Buddhapālita (470–550), is the first known author of an extant commentary on the MMK.

Form and content of the text

The early chapters

1. Pratyayaparīkṣā: Analysis of conditions
2. Gatāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of going and not going
3. Cakṣurādīndriyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the eye and the other sense-organs
4. Skandhaparīkṣā: Analysis of the skandhas ((mental) "aggregates")
5. Dhātuparīkṣā: Analysis of the dhatūs ("constituents" or "strata" (in the sense of metaphysical substrata))
6. Rāgaraktaparīkṣā: Analysis of passion and the impassioned
7. Saṃskṛtaparīkṣā: Analysis of the conditioned
8. Karmakārakaparīkṣā: Analysis of action and actor
9. Pūrvaparīkṣā: Analysis of the past
10. Agnīndhanaparīkṣā: Analysis of fire and fuel
11. Pūrvaparakoṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of past and future limits
12. Duḥkhaparīkṣā: Analysis of suffering

The later chapters

• The emptiness of all things (i.e., all things, including the Buddha) (MMK#22:26)
• The identity of pratītyasamutpāda with śunyatā (MMK#24:18)
• The indifferentiability of nirvāṇa from saṃsāra (MMK#16:10)(MMK#25:19-20)
• The tentative or merely conventional nature of all truth (MMK#22:11).

These chapters are as follows; note the clustering of 24-26, and also the nature of the last chapter:

• 13. Saṃskāraparīkṣā: Analysis of disposition
• 14. Saṃsargaparīkṣā: Analysis of admixture
• 15. Svabhāvaparīkṣā: Analysis of being or essence
• 16. Bandhanamokṣaparīkṣā: Analysis of bondage and liberation
• 17. Karmaphalaparīkṣa: Analysis of action and its fruit
• 18. Ātmaparīkṣā: Analysis of the soul.
• 19. Kālaparīkṣā: Analysis of time
• 20. Sāmagrīparīkṣā: Analysis of holism
• 21. Saṃbhavavibhavaparīkṣā: Analysis of becoming and un-becoming
• 22. Tathāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of the Tathāgata
• 23. Viparyāsaparīkṣā: Analysis of Error

• 24. Āryasatyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the Noble Truths
• 25. Nirvānaparīkṣā: Analysis of nirvāṇa
• 26. Dvādaśāṅgaparīkṣā: Analysis of the twelvefold chain (of dependent origination)
• 27. Dṛṣṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of views

Translations

Author	Title	Publisher	Date	ISBN	Notes
Gudo Wafu Nishijima and Brad Warner	Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika	Monkfish Book Publishing	2011	ISBN 9780983358909	A modern interpretation from a Zen perspective.
Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü	Ornament of Reason: The Great Commentary to Nagarjuna's Root of the Middle Way	Snow Lion	2011	ISBN 9781559393683	Commentary translated by The Dharmachakra Translation Committee.
Jones, Richard H.	Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher	Booksurge	2010	ISBN 9781451539790	Translation into idiomatic English with commentary and translations of other works by Nagarjuna.
Padmakara Translation Group	The Root Stanzas on the Middle Way	Éditions Padmakara	2008	ISBN 9782916915449	A translation from the Tibetan, following (but not including) the commentary of the Nyingma and Rimé master Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche. This volume, containing both the Tibetan text and translation, was made to mark the visit of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to France in August 2008, and as a support for the teachings scheduled for that occasion.
Luetchford, Michael J.	Between Heaven and Earth - From Nagarjuna to Dogen	Windbell Publications	2002	ISBN 9780952300250	A translation and interpretation with references to the philosophy of Zen Master Dogen.
Batchelor, Stephen	Verses from the Center	Diane Publishing	2000	ISBN 9781573228763	Batchelor's translation is the first nonacademic, idiomatic English version of the text.
McCagney, Nancy	Nagarjuna and the Philosophy of Openness	Rowman & Littlefield	1997	ISBN 9780847686261	Romanized text, translation and philosophical analysis.
Garfield, Jay L.	The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way	Oxford University Press	1995	ISBN 9780195093360	A translation of the Tibetan version together with commentary.
Kalupahana, David J.	Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way	State University of New York Press	1986	ISBN 9788120807747	Romanized text, translation, and commentary. Interpretation of the text in the light of the Canon.
Sprung, Mervyn	Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way	Prajna Press, Boulder	1979	ISBN 9780710001900	Partial translation of the verses together with Chandrakirti's commentary.
Inada, Kenneth K.	Nagarjuna: A Translation of his Mulamadhyamakakarika With an Introductory Essay	The Hokuseido Press	1970	ISBN 9780893460761	Romanized text and translation.
Streng, Frederick	Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning	Abdingdon Press	1967	(predates ISBN)	Translation and considerable analysis.

Quotations

1:1

Neither from itself nor from another,

Nor from both,

Nor without a cause,

Does anything whatever, anywhere arise.

15:9

If intrinsic nature does not exist, of what will there be alteration?

If intrinsic nature does exist, of what will there be alteration?

15:10

अस्तीति शाश्वतग्राहो नास्तीत्युच्चेददर्शनं

astīti śāśvatagrāho nāstītyuccedadarśanaṁ

To say "it is" is to grasp for permanence. To say "it is not" is to adopt the view of nihilism.

तस्माद् अस्तित्वनास्तित्वे नाश्रीयेत विचक्षणः।

tasmād astitvanāstitve nāśrīyeta vicakṣaṇaḥ

Therefore a wise person does not say "exists" or "does not exist".

16:10

न निर्वाणसमारोपो न संसारापकषणम्

na nirvāṇasamāropo na saṁsārāpakaṣaṇam

यत्र कस्तत्र संसारो निर्वाणं किं विकल्प्यते

yatra kastatra saṁsāro nirvāṇaṁ kiṁ vikalpyate

Where there is neither an addition of nirvana nor a removal of samsara; There, what samsara is discriminated from what nirvana?^{[citation needed]}

18:6-12

ātmetya api prajñapitam anātmetyapi deśitam

Although (the term) "self" is caused to be known (of, about), and although (a doctrine or teaching of) "no self" is taught,

buddhair nātmā na cānātmā kaścid ity api deśitaṁ| 6

No "self" or any "nonself" whatsoever has been taught by the Buddhas.

nivṛtam abhidhātavyaṁ nivṛtte cittagocare

The designable is ceased when/where the range of thought is ceased,

anutpannāniruddhā hi nirvāṇam iva dharmatā| 7

Nirvana is like phenomenality, unarisen and unstopping.

sarvaṁ tathyaṁ na vā tathyaṁ tathyaṁ cātathyam eva ca

Everything is actual, or not actual, or actual and not actual

naivātathyaṁ naiva tathyam etad buddhānuśāsanaṁ| 8

Or neither actual nor not actual; this is the Buddha's teaching.

aparapratyayaṁ śāntaṁ prapañcair aprapañcitaṁ

Independent, peaceful, not delusionally diversified by delusional diversification

nirvikalpam anānārtham etat tattvasya lakśaṇaṁ| 9

Devoid of mental construction, without variation, this is the mark of thatness.

pratītya yad yad bhavati na hi tāvat tad eva tad

Whatsoever becomes dependently, is not insofar, that and only that.

na cānyad api tat tasmān noccinnaṁ nāpi śāśvataṁ| 10

Nor is it the other; therefore, it is neither exterminated nor eternal.

anekārtham anānārtham anuccedam aśāśvatam

Not singular, not plural, not exterminated, not eternal,

etat tal lokanāthānāṁ bhuddhānāṁ śāsanāmṛtaṁ| 11

This is the immortal teaching of the Buddhas, lords of the world.

sambhuddhānām anutpāde śrāvakāṇāṁ punaḥ kśaye

And again, when the disciples are destroyed and full Buddhas do not arrive,

jñānaṁ pratyekabuddhānām asamsargāt pravartate|12

The gnosis (knowledge, etc.) of the independently enlightened Buddhas proceeds without association (with teachings).^{[citation needed]}

22:11

"Empty" should not be asserted."Nonempty" should not be asserted.

Neither both nor neither should be asserted. They are only used nominally.

22:16

तथागतो यत्स्वभावस्तत्स्वभावमिदं जगत

tathāgato yat svabhāvas tat svabhāvam idam jagat

What is the nature of the thus-gone one (the Buddha), that is the nature of the world.

तथागतो निःस्वभावो निःस्वभावम् इदं जगत्। १६

tathāgato niḥsvabhāvo niḥsvabhāvam idaṁ jagat| 16

The thus-gone one is devoid of nature; the world is devoid of nature.^{[citation needed]}

24:18, 24:19

Whatever is dependently co-arisen / That is explained to be emptiness.

That, being a dependent designation, / Is itself the middle way.

Something that is not dependently arisen / Such a thing does not exist.

Therefore a non-empty thing / Does not exist.

25:19-20

न संसारस्य निर्वाणात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं

na saṁsārasya nirvāṇāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ

There is nothing whatsoever of samsara distinguishing (it) from nirvana.

न निर्वाणस्य संसारात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं। १९

na nirvāṇasya saṁsārāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ| 19

There is nothing whatsoever of nirvana distinguishing it from samsara.

निर्वाणस्य च या कोटिः।कोटिः। संसरणस्य च

nirvāṇasya ca yā koṭiḥ koṭiḥ

(That?) is the limit which is the limit of nirvana and the limit of samsara;

न तयोर् अन्तरं किंचित् सुसूक्ष्मम् अपि विद्यते। २०

na tayor antaraṁ kiñcit susūkśmam api vidyate| 20

Even a very subtle interval is not found of (between) them.^{[citation needed]}

25:22-24

śūnyeṣu sarvadharmeṣu kim anantaṁ kimantavat

kim anantam antavac ca nānantaṁ nāntavacca kiṁ| 22

kiṁ tad eva kim anyat kiṁ śāśvataṁ kim aśāśvataṁ

aśāśvataṁ śāśvataṁ ca kiṁ vā nobhayam apyataḥ 'tha| 23

sarvopalambhpaśamaḥ prapañcopaśamaḥ śivaḥ

na kva cit kasyacit kaścid dharmo buddhena deśitaḥ|

When all dharmas are empty, what is endless? What has an end?

What is endless and with an end? What is not endless and not with an end?

What is "it"? What is "other"? What is permanent? What is impermanent?

What is impermanent and permanent? What is neither?

Auspicious is the pacification of phenomenal metastasis, the pacification of all apprehending;

There is no dharma whatsoever taught by the Buddha to whomever whenever, wherever.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Buddhist philosophy
• Madhyamaka
• Nāgārjuna

Wikimedia

• The Sanskrit in roman transcription with diacritics of the first chapter on Wikisource: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā

External links

• Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Sanskrit Source at Uwest Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon
• Mūlamadhyamakakārikā-s of Nāgārjuna: Sanskrit text
• Romanization and Literal English Translation of the Tibetan Text by Stephen Batchelor (dead link)
• Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness:Why did Nagarjuana start with causation? Jay L. Garfield
• Nagarjuna's Middle Way: A thesis on the Mulamadhyamakakarika, by Jonah Winters (Reed College, 1994; advisor Kees Bolle)
• [1] Buddhism and Quantum Physics