Direct-controlled municipality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Direct-controlled municipality | |||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 直轄市 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 直辖市 | ||||||||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 직할시 | ||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese | Thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương | ||||||||||||||
| Chữ nôm | 城舖直屬中央 | ||||||||||||||
Direct-controlled municipality is the highest level classificiation for cities used by China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam with status equal to that of the provinces in the respective countries. The People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea, the Republic of Korea in South Korea, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Vietnam adopt this system with some variations.
South Korea official change the title of Directly-Governed Cities into Metropolitan Cities (Special City for Seoul) in 1991.
Geographically and culturally, many of the municipalities are enclaves in the middle of provinces. Some occur in strategic positions in between provinces.
- People's Republic of China
- Korea
- Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Vietnam - Hà Nội, Hồ Chí Minh City, Đà Nẵng, and Hải Phòng
Contents |
[edit] China and Taiwan
[edit] History
The first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Chongqing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin when the ROC government ruled the China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese Occupation. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (Chinese: 特別市; pinyin: tébíeshì)), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (simplified Chinese: 院辖市; traditional Chinese: 院轄市; pinyin: yùanxíashì), then direct-controlled municipalities (simplified Chinese: 直辖市; traditional Chinese: 直轄市; pinyin: zhíxiáshì) by the Central Government.
After the Chinese Communists took over mainland China in 1949 and established the PRC, Anshan, Benxi, and Fushun were made municipalities as well, while Qingdao, Dalian, and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities.[1] Hankou was merged to Wuhan. Hence there remained 12 municipalities in mainland China, until Dalian was elevated in 1950. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality.[2] In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, along with Changchun.[3] Except Beijing and Tianjin, which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.
In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to provincial municipalities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin were left, until Chongqing was restored in 1997 with a much enlarged area. Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to province-controlled status around the 1960s.
Two municipalities in Taiwan were created after the ROC government took control following World War II. Taipei was made a Yuan-controlled municipality in 1967. The same was done for Kaohsiung in 1979. Promotion of Taichung[4] and Tainan[5] from the provincial city to the third and fourth municipality has been proposed and passed in 2009[6]. Since 1994, Yuan-controlled municipalities have been officially called direct-control municipalities to emphasize their autonomy. Besides significant political, economic, and cultural development, the ROC law dictates that a municipality must have population of over 1,250,000.
[edit] List of defunct municipalities
| Name | Chinese (T) | Chinese (S) | Pinyin | Postal map | Region | Present Annexation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanjing | 南京 | 南京 | Nánjīng | Nanking | East | Jiangsu |
| Qingdao | 青島 | 青岛 | Qīngdǎo | Tsingtao | East | Shandong |
| Xi'an | 西安 | 西安 | Xī'ān | Sian | Northwest | Shaanxi |
| Guangzhou | 廣州 | 广州 | Guǎngzhōu | Kwangchou (Canton) | South Central | Guangdong |
| Hankou (Wuhan) | 漢口 | 汉口 | Hànkǒu | Hankow | South Central | Hubei |
| Shenyang | 瀋陽 | 沈阳 | Shěnyáng | Shenyang (Mukden) | Northeast | Liaoning |
| Harbin | 哈爾濱 | 哈尔滨 | Hāěrbīn | Harbin | Northeast | Heilongjiang |
| Dalian | 大連 | 大连 | Dàlián | Dairen | Northeast | Liaoning |
| Anshan | 鞍山 | 鞍山 | Ānshān | Anshan | Northeast | Liaoning |
| Benxi | 本溪 | 本溪 | Běnxī) | Penhsi | Northeast | Liaoning |
| Fushun | 撫順 | 抚顺 | Fǔshùn | Fushun | Northeast | Liaoning |
[edit] People's Republic of China
[edit] Position in hierarchy
Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language. Wikipedia's translation, however, refers to them using the following conventional terms:
Three levels of cities in the People's Republic of China on Mainland China:
- Municipalities
- Prefecture-level cities
- County-level cities
[edit] Administration
In mainland Chinese municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the Mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature).[7] and Deputy Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee or Party Secretary.
[edit] Current PRC municipalities
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| Map # | Division name | Trad. | Simp. | Hanyu Pinyin | Postal | Abbr. | ISO[9] | Region | Population | Density (/km²) | Area (km²) | Divisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beijing | 北京 | 北京 | Běijīng | Peking | 京 jīng | CN-11 | North | 15,810,000 | 941 | 16,800 | List |
| 2 | Tianjin | 天津 | 天津 | Tiānjīn | Tientsin | 津 jīn | CN-12 | North | 11,519,000 | 980 | 11,305 | List |
| 3 | Chongqing | 重慶 | 重庆 | Chóngqìng | Chungking | 渝 yú | CN-50 | Southwest | 31,442,300 | 382 | 82,300 | List |
| 4 | Shanghai | 上海 | 上海 | Shànghǎi | Shanghai | 沪 hù | CN-31 | East | 18,450,000 | 2,622 | 6,341 | List |
[edit] Taiwan (Republic of China)
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This article is part of
Administrative divisionsa series on the of the Republic of China |
| In effect |
|---|
| Provinces (streamlined) |
| Municipalities |
| Counties Provincial cities |
| County-controlled cities Districts Urban townships Rural townships |
| Urban villages Rural villages |
| Neighborhoods |
| Suspended |
| Regions (also known as "Areas") |
| Special administrative regions (SARs) |
| Leagues Special banners |
| Bureaus Management bureaus Banners |
| Compare Administrative levels and divisions of the People's Republic of China |
[edit] Position in hierarchy
Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Taiwan. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language. Wikipedia's translation, however, refers to them using the following conventional terms:
Three levels of cities in the Republic of China on Taiwan:
- Municipalities
- Provincial cities
- County-controlled cities
[edit] Administration
In Taiwanese municipalities, the Mayor is the highest ranking official in charge. The Mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the municipality for a duration of four years. e.g. Mayor of Taipei.
[edit] Current ROC municipalities
| Division name | Trad. | Simp. | Hanyu Pinyin | Abbr. | Flag | Seal | Population | Density (/km²) | Area (km²) | Divisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taipei | 臺北 | 台北 | Táiběi | 北 běi |  |
 |
2,622,933 | 9,650.24 | 271 | List |
| Kaohsiung | 高雄 | 高雄 | Gāoxióng | 高 Gāo |  |
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1,519,711 | 9,894.42 | 154 | List |
[edit] Approved ROC municipalities in 2010
| Division name | Trad. | Simp. | Hanyu Pinyin | Abbr. | Population | Area (km²) | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taipei | 臺北 | 台北 | Táiběi | 北 běi | 2,622,933 | 9,650.24 |  |
| Xinbei (New Taipei) |
新北 | 新北 | Xīnběi | 新 xīn | 3,849,492 | 2,052.5667 |  |
| Taichung | 臺中 | 台中 | Táizhōng | 中 zhōng | 2,629,323 | 2,214.8968 | .svg) |
| Kaohsiung | 高雄 | 高雄 | Gāoxióng | 高 Gāo | 2,769,072 | 2,946.2527 | .svg) |
| Tainan-fu[10] | 臺南府 | 台南府 | Táinán-fǔ | 南 nán | 1,873,681 | 2,191.6531 | .svg) |
[edit] Proposals for ROC municipalities[11]
| Proposals | Changes | June 2009 Population - Combine |
Current Area (km²) - Combine |
Map (before) | Map (after) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-A | Hsinchu City + Hsinchu County = Hsinchu City (新竹市 + 新竹縣 = 新竹市) |
915,012 | 1,531.6864 |  |
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.svg) |
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| 2-B | Chiayi City + Chiayi County = Chiayi City (嘉義市 + 嘉義縣 = 嘉義市) |
821,721 | 1,961.6956 |  |
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.svg) |
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| 2-C | Taipei City + Xinbei City (New Taipei City) + Keelung City = Taipei City (臺北市 + 新北市 + 基隆市 = 臺北市) |
6,854,715 | 2,457.1244 | |
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.svg) |
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[edit] Korea
[edit] Democratic People's Republic of Korea
[edit] Position in hierarchy
Directly Governed Cities are the highest-ranked cities in Nor Korea.
Three levels of cities in Nouth Korea:
- Directly Governed Cities
- Cities
[edit] Current North Korean Directly Governed Cities
| Romanization | Han'gŭl | Hanja | Year of Split | Province split from |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P'yŏngyang-chikhalsi* | 평양 직할시 | 平壤直轄市 | 1946 | S. P'yŏngan |
[edit] List of defunct Directly Governed Cities of North Korea
| Romanization | Han'gŭl | Hanja | Administered Years | Province absorb into |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ch'ŏngjin | 청진시 | 淸津市 | 1960-1967, 1977-1985 | North Hamgyŏng |
| Hamhŭng | 함흥시 | 咸興市 | 1960-1967 | South Hamgyŏng |
| Kaesŏng | 개성시 | 開城市 | 1951-1955 | North Hwanghae |
| Namp'o | 남포시 | 南浦市 | 1980-2004 | South P'yŏng'an |
| Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong) | 라선 (라진-선봉시) | 羅先市 (羅津-先鋒市) | 1993-2004 | North Hamgyŏng |
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[edit] Republic of Korea
| Administrative divisions of South Korea |
|---|
| Provincial level |
| Provinces (道 도 do) |
| Special Self-governing Province (特別自治道 특별자치도 teukbyeol-jachido) |
| Special city (特別市 특별시 teukbyeol-si) |
| Metropolitan cities (廣域市 광역시 gwangyeok-si) |
| Municipal level |
| Cities (市 시 si) |
| Counties (郡 군 gun) |
| Wards (區 구 gu) |
| Towns (邑 읍 eup) |
| Townships (面 면 myeon) |
| Neighborhoods (洞 동 dong) |
| Villages (里 리 ri) |
[edit] Position in hierarchy
Special City and Metropolitan Cities are the highest-ranked cities in South Korea.
Three levels of cities in South Korea:
- Special City
- Metropolitan Cities
- Cities
[edit] Administration
In South Korean special city and metropolitan cities, the Mayor is the highest ranking official in charge. The Mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the city for a duration of four years. e.g. Mayor of Seoul.
[edit] Current South Korean special city and metropolitan cities
| Romanization | Hangul | Hanja | Year of Split | Province split from |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seoul Teukbyeolsi | 서울 특별시 | See note below | December, 1067 | Yangju (then Namgyeong) |
| Busan Gwangyeoksi | 부산 광역시 | 釜山廣域市 | January 1, 1963 | S. Gyeongsang |
| Daegu Gwangyeoksi | 대구 광역시 | 大邱廣域市 | July 1, 1981 | N. Gyeongsang |
| Incheon Gwangyeoksi | 인천 광역시 | 仁川廣域市 | July 1, 1981 | Gyeonggi |
| Gwangju Gwangyeoksi | 광주 광역시 | 光州廣域市 | November 1, 1986 | S. Jeolla |
| Daejeon Gwangyeoksi | 대전 광역시 | 大田廣域市 | January 1, 1989 | S. Chungcheong |
| Ulsan Gwangyeoksi | 울산 광역시 | 蔚山廣域市 | July 15, 1997 | S. Gyeongsang |
- Notes
- There is no hanja for "Seoul," but in Chinese, it is written by its Joseon Dynasty name Hanseong (漢城). The new Chinese name, 首爾/首尔, is a transcription based on the pronunciation of "Seoul". As a suffix, the character gyeong (京) is used, which means "capital".
- Seoul was designated a "Special Free City" (Teukbyeol Jayusi; 특별 자유시; 特別自由市) separate from Gyeonggi Province on August 15, 1946; it became a "Special City" on August 15, 1949.
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[edit] Vietnam
[edit] Position in hierarchy
Centrally-governed cities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam.
Three levels of cities in Vietnam:
- Centrally-governed cities
- Provincial cities
- Town
[edit] Current Vietnamese Centrally-governed cities
| Romanization | Hán Tự | Region |
|---|---|---|
| Hà Nội | 河内 | Hà Nội Kinh-Dong Bang Song Hong |
| Hồ Chí Minh City | 胡志明市 | Đông Nam Bộ |
| Cần Thơ | 芹苴 | Tây Nam Bo – Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long |
| Đà Nẵng | 岘港 | Nam Trung Bộ |
| Hải Phòng | 海防 | Hà Nội Kinh-Dong Bang Song Hong |
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[edit] References
- ^ 中华人民共和国行政区划（1949年）
- ^ 中华人民共和国行政区划（1952年）
- ^ 中华人民共和国行政区划（1953年）
- ^ Cabinet approves mergers, upgrades for counties, cities
- ^ Tainan city, county win status as special municipality
- ^ 4 new special municipalities to be created
- ^ Chongqing Mayor: Government Must Place Service Above Anything Else
- ^ a b c References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual municipality articles.
- ^ ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
- ^ Wikinews (2009-06-29): 臺灣再添直轄市; http://www.nownews.com/2009/06/29/11468-2471373.htm
- ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2009/06/25/2003447086
