# Muzzle energy

Muzzle energy is the kinetic energy of a bullet as it is expelled from the muzzle of a firearm. It is often used as a rough indication of the destructive potential of a given firearm or load. The heavier the bullet and the faster it moves, the higher its muzzle energy and the more damage it will do.

The general formula for the kinetic energy is

$E_k = \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} mv^2$

where

v is the velocity of the bullet
m is the mass of the bullet.

## Calculating muzzle energy

$E_k = \begin{matrix} \frac{mv^2}{2} \end{matrix}$
• In United States engineering units, particular care must be taken to ensure that consistent units are used.
• Mass, m, is usually given in grains and the speed, v, in feet per second but kinetic energy, Ek, is typically given in foot-pound force (abbreviated ft-lbf). Most sporting arms publications within the United States report muzzle energies in foot-pound force. If m is specified in grains and v in feet per second, the following equation can be used, which gives the energy in foot-pound force:
$E_k = \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} mv^2 \times\left(\frac{1\mbox{ ft}\cdot\mbox{lbf}}{7000\mbox{ gr}\times 32.1739\mbox{ ft}^2\mbox{/s}^2}\right)$
• When publishing kinetic energy tables for small arms ammunition, an acceleration due to gravity of 32.163 ft/s2 rather than the standard of 32.1739 ft/s2 is used[citation needed]. The formula therefore becomes
$E_k = \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} mv^2 \times\left(\frac{1\mbox{ ft}\cdot\mbox{lbf}}{7000\mbox{ gr}\times 32.163\mbox{ ft}^2\mbox{/s}^2}\right)$

The bullet energy, remaining energy, down range energy and impact energy of a projectile may also be calculated using the above equations.

## Typical muzzle energies of common firearms and cartridges

Example muzzle energy levels of different types of firearms
Firearm Caliber Muzzle energy
ft-lbs joules
air gun spring .177 15 20
air gun mag spring .22 22 30
air gun PCP .22 30+ 40+
pistol .22LR 117 159
pistol 9 mm 383 519
pistol .45 ACP 416 564
rifle 5.56×45 mm 1,325 1,796
rifle 7.62×39 mm 1,527 2,070
rifle 7.62 × 51 mm 2,802 3,799
heavy .50 BMG 11,091 15,037
heavy 14.5 × 114 mm 23,744 32,000

[citation needed]

Average muzzle energies for common pistol cartridges[citation needed]
Cartridge Muzzle energy
ft-lbf joules
.380 ACP 199 270
.38 Special 310 420
9 mm Luger 350 470
.45 Colt 370 500
.45 GAP 400 540
.45 ACP 400 540
.40 S&W 425 576
.357 Sig 475 644
.357 Mag 550 750
10mm Auto 650 880
.44 Mag 1,000 1,400
.50 AE 1,500 2,000
.454 Casull 1,900 2,600
.460 SW 2,400 3,300
.500 SW 2,600 3,500

It must be stressed that muzzle energy is dependent upon the factors previously listed and that even velocity is highly variable depending upon the length of the barrel a projectile is fired from.[1] Also note that the muzzle energy does not necessarily reflect how much energy is transmitted to the target. While the above list mentions some averages, there is wide variation in commercial ammunition. A 180 grain bullet fired from .357 magnum handgun can achieve a muzzle energy of 580 foot-pounds. A 110 grain bullet fired from the same gun might only achieve 400 foot-pounds of muzzle energy, depending upon the manufacture of the cartridge. Some .45 Colt ammunition can produce 1,200 foot-pounds of muzzle energy, far in excess of the average listed above.

## Resources

Edward F. Obert, Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948.

Mc Graw-Hill encyclopedia of Science and Technology, volume ebe-eye and ice-lev, 9th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 2002.