# N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory

N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory is a mathematical and physical model created to study particles through a simple system, similar to string theory, with conformal symmetry. It is a simplified toy theory based on Yang–Mills theory that does not describe the real world, but is useful because it can act as a proving ground for approaches for attacking problems in more complex theories.[1] It describes a universe containing boson fields and fermion fields which are related by 4 supersymmetries (this means that swapping boson, fermion and scalar fields in a certain way leaves the predictions of the theory invariant). It is one of the simplest (because it has no free parameters except for the gauge group) and one of the few finite quantum field theories in 4 dimensions. It can be thought of as the most symmetric field theory that does not involve gravity.

## Lagrangian

The Lagrangian for the theory is:[2]

$L = \operatorname{tr} \left\{-\frac{1}{2g^2}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}+\frac{\theta_I}{8\pi^2}F_{\mu\nu}\bar{F}^{\mu\nu}- i \lambda^a\sigma^\mu D_\mu \lambda_a -D_\mu X^i D^\mu X^i +g C^{ab}_i \lambda_a[X^i,\lambda_b] +C_{iab}\lambda^a[X^i,\lambda^b]+\frac{g^2}{2}[X^i,X^j]^2 \right\}$

where $F^k_{\mu\nu} = \partial_\mu A^k_\nu-\partial_\nu A^k_\mu+g f^{klm}A^l_\mu A^m_\nu$ and the indices i,j = 1, ..., 6 and the indices a, b = 1, ..., 4. And f are the group constants of the particular gauge group.

## Ten-dimensional Lagrangian

The above Lagrangian can be found by beginning with the simpler ten-dimensional Lagrangian

$L = \operatorname{tr} \left\{ \frac{1}{g^2} F_{IJ} F^{IJ} - i \bar{\lambda} \Gamma^I D_I \lambda \right\}$

where I and J are now run from 0 through 9 and $\Gamma^I$ are the 32 by 32 gamma matrices. $( 32=2^{10/2} )$ followed by adding the term with $\theta_I$ which is a topological term.

The components $A_i$ of the gauge field for i = 4 to 9 become scalars upon eliminating the extra dimensions. This also gives an interpretation of the SO(6) R-symmetry as rotations in the extra compact dimensions.

By compactification on a T6, all the supercharges are preserved, giving N = 4 in the 4-dimensional theory. The conformal symmetry manifest in this presentation also survives the compactification giving a superconformal field theory.

A Type IIB string theory interpretation of the theory is the worldvolume theory of a stack of D3-branes.

## S-duality

The coupling constants $\theta_I$ and g naturally pair together in the form:

$\tau = \frac{\theta}{2\pi}+\frac{4\pi i}{g^2}.$

The theory has symmetries that shift τ by integers. The S-duality conjecture says there is also a symmetry which sends :$\tau \mapsto \frac{-1}{n_G\tau}$ as well as switching the group G to its Langlands dual group.

This theory is important also in the context of the holographic principle. There is a duality between Type IIB string theory on AdS5 × S5 space (a product of 5-dimensional AdS space with a 5-dimensional sphere) and N = 4 Super Yang–Mills on the 4-dimensional boundary of AdS5. It is the most successful realization of the holographic principle, a speculative idea about quantum gravity originally proposed by Gerard 't Hooft and improved and promoted by Leonard Susskind.

## Integrability

As the number of colors goes to infinity, the amplitudes scale like $N^{2-2g}$, so that only the genus 0 contribution survives. For more details, see 1/N expansion.

Beisert et al. give a review article demonstrating how in this situation local operators can be expressed via certain states in "spin" chains, but based on a larger Lie superalgebras rather than su(2) for ordinary spin. These are amenable to Bethe ansatz techniques. They also construct an action of the associated Yangian on scattering amplitudes.[3]

Nima Arkani-Hamed et al. have also researched this subject. Using twistor theory, they find a description in terms of the positive Grassmannian.[4] See Amplituhedron.

## Relation to 11 dimensional M-Theory

N=4 Super Yang-Mills can be derived from a simpler 10 dimensional theory, and yet supergravity and M-Theory exist in 11 dimensions. The connection is that if the gauge group U(N) of SYM becomes infinite as $N\rightarrow \infty$ it becomes equivalent to an 11 dimensional theory known as Matrix Theory.