Showa/Nakajima L2D
| Showa/Nakajima L2D | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Nakajima L2D-1 | |
| Role | Airliner and transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Nakajima and Showa |
| First flight | October 1939 |
| Introduction | 1939 |
| Produced | 1940–1945 |
| Number built | 487 [1] |
| Developed from | Douglas DC-3 |
The Nakajima L2D and Showa L2D, given the designations: Nakajima Navy Type 0 Transport and Showa Navy Type 0 Transport, were license-built versions of the Douglas DC-3. The L2D series, numerically, was the most important Japanese transport in World War II. The L2D was given the Allied code name Tabby.
Contents |
[edit] Design and development
After successful license production acquired in 1935 of the earlier Douglas DC-2, Nakajima Hikoki acquired the license rights for $90,000 in February 1938, to build the DC-3.[2] Previously, the Great Northern Airways and the Far East Fur Trading Company had purchased 22 DC-3s from 1937–1939. This total consisted of 13 Cyclone powered DC-3s and nine Twin Wasp powered DC-3As, two of which were delivered un-assembled and assigned to a relatively new concern, Showa Corporation. Both Showa and Nakajima worked in concert to create a production series. Although the L2D was intended for both civil and military application, the production run was largely reserved for the Japanese military as the Navy Type 0 Transport.[3]
The Nakajima prototype, powered by Pratt & Whitney SB3G radial engines, first flew in October 1939 and entered production in 1940 as the L2D1 with parts imported from the U.S. while the two Showa examples were being assembled to Japanese production standards to simplify manufacture.[4] Differing in minor details, mainly due to the use of locally-produced Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 radial engines of similar power, the initial series from both companies were very similar to its Douglas antecedent.[3]
By 1942, Nakajima had built, including the prototype, 71 L2D2 Navy Type 0 Transport Model 11s and then embarked on manufacturing combat aircraft of their own design. Showa, once their factory and production line was complete, built the next series, a total of 416 aircraft, including 75 cargo versions with the "barn door," and reinforced floor (designated L2D2 1). The first Japanese military version was equipped with wide cargo doors, essentially mirroring the U.S. C-47, appearing about the same time.[4] Other L2D variants, while normally unarmed, the L2D4 and L2D4-1 variants carried one flexible 13 mm Type 2 machine gun in a dorsal turret in the navigator's dome and two flexible 7.7 mm Type 92 machine guns that could be fired from fuselage hatches, but this armament configuration was not a production standard.[3]
Although the Japanese civil versions were nearly identical to their Douglas equivalent, the military variants, while visually similar, were substantially different. The Kinsei 51/53 engines had 1,325 hp (975 kW) and featured enlarged nacelles and large propeller spinners, while the cockpit bulkhead was moved back 40 inches (100 cm) so all four crew members forward were in one compartment, with three extra windows added behind the cockpit. The most radical changes to the original design came about due to wartime exigencies in shortages of strategic materials, that led to metal components in less critical structural areas being replaced by wood. As many as 20 transports featured wooden rudders, stabilizers, ailerons, fins, elevators and entrance doors. An all-wood variant, the L2D5, was readied for production near the end of the war.[4]
[edit] Operational history
The original DC-3s operated by Dai Nippon Koku were impressed into Imperial service during the war, serving alongside the license-built L2Ds. The L2Ds served in the Southern Phillipines Kokutai in squadrons (Butais) attached to the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Air Fleets (Koku Kantais) as well as the Combined Fleet (Rengo Kantai) and to the China Area and Southwest Area Fleets. With the large load capacity inherent in all L2D variants, the types were used in all Japanese theaters, as both a passenger and cargo transport, playing an important role in supply of the distant garrisons on the islands of Pacific Ocean and new Guinea. They were also adapted to serve as staff and communications aircraft as well as in the maritime surveillance role.[5]
Relatively few of the Showa/Nakajima L2Ds survived the war, although at least one captured example was in service with the National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) during 1945, serving along with DC-3s acquired pre-war.[6]In 1946, another captured L2D2 was used by the French VVS in military operations in Indochina.[7]Postwar, other L2Ds were located in the Pacific as either crashed or abandoned aircraft, and none exist today.[8]
[edit] Operators
[edit] Civil
- Great Northern Airways
- Japan Air Transport
- Imperial Japanese Airways
[edit] Military
[edit] Variants
- LXD1
- A single DC-3 supplied for evaluation by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
- L2D2
- Personnel transports with Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 radials
- L2D2-1
- Cargo version with enlarged cargo door
- L2D3 and L2D3-1
- Versions with two Mitsubishi Kinsei 51 engines, each at 1,325 hp (975 kW)
- L2D3a and L2D3-1a
- Production series with two Mitsubishi Kinsei 53 engines, each at 1,325 hp (975 kW)
- L2D4 and L2D4-1
- Armed versions with a 13 mm machine gun in a dorsal turret and two 7.7 mm machine guns in the left and right fuselage hatches
- L2D5
- Wooden version, replacement of steel components with wood; used two Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 engines, each 1,590 hp (1,170 kW)
[edit] Specifications (Showa/Nakajima L2D2)
Data from Showa/Nakajima L2D2 'Tabby' [9]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2-4 (up to 5 carried in some configurations)
- Capacity: 21 passengers
- Length: 65 ft (19.72 m)
- Wingspan: 94.86 ft (28.96 m)
- Height: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
- Wing area: 987 ft² (91.6 m²)
- Empty weight: 15,675 lb (7,125 kg)
- Loaded weight: 23,980 lbs (10,900 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × Mitsubishi Kinsei 43, 1,080 hp (795 kW) each
- Propellers: 3-bladed
Performance
- Maximum speed: 219.5 mph (354 kph)
- Cruise speed: 86.8 mph (140 kph)
- Range: 1,996 mi (3,220 km)
- Service ceiling: 35,752 ft (10,900 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,130 ft/min (5.73 m/s) initial
- Wing loading: 25.5 lb/ft² (125 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.0952 hp/lb (157 W/kg)
[edit] See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Gradidge 2006, p. 20.
- ^ O'Leary, Michael. "Douglas Commercial Two." Air Classics magazine, May 2003 (online version at www.findarticles.com). Retrieved: 21 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Rickard, J. "L2D 'Tabby'." History of War, 12 November 2008. Retrieved: 21 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Morson, Trev. "Japan's DC-3, The L2D." The DC-3 Hangar, 2011. Retrieved: 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Showa/Nakajima L2D." combinedfleet.com. Retrieved: 21 December 2011.
- ^ "CNAC pilots." San Diego Air and Space Museum via Flickr, 2011. Retrieved: 22 December 2011.
- ^ Addington 2000, p. 20.
- ^ "Showa/Nakajima L2D." Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved: 21 December 2011.
- ^ "Showa/Nakajima L2D2 'Tabby'." savagesquadron.com. Retrieved: 21 December 2011.
- Bibliography
- Addington, Larry H. America's War in Vietnam: A Short Narrative History. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-25321-360-6.
- Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam, 1970. ISBN 0-370-00033-1.
- Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
- Gradidge, Jennifer M. The Douglas DC-1/DC-2/DC-3: The First Seventy Years Volumes One and Two. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.
- O'Leary, Michael. DC-3 and C-47 Gooney Birds. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1992. ISBN 0-87938-543-X.
- Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
- Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.
[edit] External links
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