Nassarius

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Nassarius
A live individual of Nassarius tiarula
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Buccinoidea
Family: Nassariidae
Subfamily: Nassariinae
Genus: Nassarius
Dumeril, 1806
Type species
Nassarius (Nassarius) arcularius arcularius Linnaeus, C., 1758
Species

See text
Synonyms[1]
  • Nassa Lamarck, 1799 (Invalid: junior homonym of Nassa Röding, 1798)
  • Amycla H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Amyclina Iredale, 1918
  • Arcularia Link, 1807
  • Arculia Jousseaume, 1888
  • Alectrion Montfort, 1810
  • Austronassaria C. Laeron & J. Laseron, 1956
  • Bathynassa Ladd, 1976
  • Chelenassa Shuto, 1969
  • Cryptonassarius Cernohorsky, 1975
  • Eione Risso, 1826
  • Fackia Nordsieck, 1972
  • Glabrinassa Shuto, 1969
  • Hima Leach in Gray, 1852
  • Hinia Leach in Gray, 1847
  • Ilyanassa Stimpson, 1865
  • Mirua Marwick, 1931
  • Nasa Fleming, 1828
  • Nassa Lamarck, 1799 (Invalid: junior homonym of Nassa Röding, 1798)
  • Nassarius (Hinia) Gray, 1847
  • Nassarius (Aciculina) Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Adinopsis) Odhner, 1923
  • Nassarius (Alectrion) Montfort , 1810
  • Nassarius (Arcularia) Link, 1807
  • Nassarius (Caesia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Catillon) Addicott, 1965
  • Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826
  • Nassarius (Gussonea) Monterosato, 1912
  • Nassarius (Hima) Gray, 1852 ex Leach, ms.
  • Nassarius (Hinia) Gray, 1847
  • Nassarius (Ilyanassa) Stimpson, 1865
  • Nassarius (Nanarius) Woodring, 1964
  • Nassarius (Nassodonta) H. Adams, 1867
  • Nassarius (Naytia) H. Adams & A. Adams 1853
  • Nassarius (Naytiopsis) Thiele, 1929
  • Nassarius (Niotha) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Pallacera) Woodring, 1964
  • Nassarius (Phrontis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Proneritula) Thiele, 1929
  • Nassarius (Psilarius) Woodring, 1964
  • Nassarius (Pygmaeonassa) Annadale, 1924
  • Nassarius (Sphaeronassa) Locard, 1886
  • Nassarius (Telasco) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Uzita) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Nassarius (Varicinassa) Habe, 1946
  • Parcanassa Iredale, 1936
  • Profundinassa Thiele, 1929
  • Reticularcularia Shuto, 1969
  • Reticunassa Iredale, 1936
  • Sphaeronassa Locard, 1886
  • Tarazeuxis Iredale, 1936
  • Telasco H. & A. Adams, 1853
  • Tritia Risso, 1826
  • Tritonella Adams, 1852
  • Varicinassa Habe, 1946
  • Venassa Martens, 1881
  • Zeuxis H. & A. Adams, 1853

Nassarius, common name nassa mud snails (USA) or dog whelks (UK), is a genus of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nassariidae. [1]

Contents

[edit] Etymology

The name is derived from the Latin word "nassa", meaning a fyke (a bag-shaped fish trap) (fyke being derived from the old Dutch word "fuycke"). Nassarius would then mean "someone who uses a fyke".

[edit] Ecology

[edit] Distribution and habitat

Species within this genus are found worldwide. These snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats, intertidally or subtidally.

[edit] Life habits

Most Nassarius species are very active scavengers, feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish, etc. They often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding, until they smell nearby food.

[edit] Shell description

The shells of species in this genus have a relatively high spire and a siphonal notch.

[edit] Anatomy

A live individual of a Nassarius species on an aquarium wall, reflected in the glass

The animal has a long siphon.

[edit] Human use

[edit] Archeology

Several beads made from Nassarius gibbosulus shells are thought to be the earliest known forms of personal adornment, or even jewelry. Two shell beads found in Skhul Cave on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Israel are thought to be 100,000 years old, whilst another found at Oued Djebbana, Algeria is believed to be 90,000 years old. A further group of pierced shells, some with red ochre, has been recovered from the Aterian levels at Grotte des Pigeons, Taforalt, Morocco; these Nassarius gibbosulus beads have been securely dated to about 82,000 years ago.[2]

All these examples predate several 75,000 year old Nassarius kraussianus beads which were found at Blombos Cave, South Africa (including some colored with red ochre). These beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry.[3]

[edit] Modern uses

Nassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria. It is often confused with Nassarius obsoletus, a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures. In aquaria, the Nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy, as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch-like fashion, keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface.

The shells of various species of Nassarius are popular with shell collectors, and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration.

[edit] Taxonomy

The genus Nassarius has traditionally been subdivided into several subgenera, based on differences in shell morphology, especially the sculpture : Aciculina, Alectrion, Allanassa, Nassodonta, Niotha, Plicarcularia, Profundinassa, Pygmaeonassa, Telasco, and Zeuxis. However, this division is difficult to define, resulting in much confusion. Even phylogenetic analysis shows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable. There seem to be two groups within the genus Nassarius with the closest relationship between the subgenera Zeuxis and Telasco. Even the species within the subgenus Plicarcularia do not belong to a single clade. In the end, the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny. [4]

[edit] Species

Nassarius bifarius
Nassarius (Nassodonta) dorri
Nassarius multipunctatus (Schepman, 1911)
Nassarius reeveanus luctuosa
Nassarius reticosus
Nassarius zonalis

In the course of time, more than 800 names have been allocated to species in the genus Nassarius, most of which have become synonyms. The following species are accepted names according to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) [1]

Other species in the genus Nassarius include, according to ITIS:[6]

The following species are also mentioned as names in current use by the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database [14]

Subgenus Nassodonta
Subgenus Niotha
Subgenus Plicarcularia
Subgenus Telasco
Subgenus Zeuxis

[edit] Synonymized subgenera

  • Nassarius (Aciculina) Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Alectryon) Berthold in Latreille, 1827 : synonym of Nassarius (Alectrion) Montfort , 1810 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Allanassa) Iredale, 1929 : synonym of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Amycla) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : synonym of Nassarius (Gussonea) Monterosato, 1912
  • Nassarius (Amyclina) Iredale, 1918 : synonym of Nassarius (Gussonea) Monterosato, 1912
  • Nassarius (Arcularia) Link, 1807 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
    • Nassarius (Arcularia) glabratus (Sowerby, 1842) : synonym of Nassarius glabratus (Sowerby, 1842)
  • Nassarius (Austronassaria) C. Laseron & J. Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Bathynassa) Ladd, 1976 : synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Caesia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Cencus) Gistel, 1848 : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Chelenassa) Shuto, 1969  : synonym of Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Cryptonassarius) Watson, R.B., 1882): alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Cyclocyrtia) Agassiz, 1848  : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Cyclonassa) Swainson, 1840  : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Cyclops) Montfort, 1810 : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Demondia) Addicott, 1956 : synonym of Nassarius (Caesia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Eione) Risso, 1826 : synonym of Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Fackia) Nordsieck, 1972 : synonym of Nassarius (Gussonea) Monterosato, 1912
  • Nassarius (Glabrinassa) Shuto, 1969 : synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Gussonea) Monterosato, 1912 : synonym of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Hannonia) Pallary, 1914 : synonym of Nassarius (Aciculina) Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Hima) Gray, 1852 ex Leach, ms. : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Hinia) Gray, 1847 :alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Miohinia) Nordsieck, 1972 : synonym of Nassarius (Hinia) Gray, 1847 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Mirua) Marwick, 1931 : synonym of Nassarius (Hima) Gray, 1852 ex Leach, ms. (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Nana) Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Nanina) Risso, 1826: synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Nanarius) Woodring, 1964  : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Nannia) Philippi, 1844: synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Nasseburna) de Gregorio, 1890 : synonym of Nassarius (Sphaeronassa) Locard, 1886 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 )
  • Nassarius (Nassodonta) H. Adams, 1867 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Nassarius) Duméril, 1805  : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Naytia) H. Adams & A. Adams 1853  : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Naytiopsis) Thiele, 1929  : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Neritula) Herrmannsen, 1852 : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Niotha) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Pallacera) Woodring, 1964: alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Phrontis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Panormella) Costa, 1840 : synonym of Nassarius (Cyclope) Risso, 1826 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Paranassa) Conrad, 1867 : synonym of Nassarius (Ilyanassa) Stimpson, 1865 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Parcanassa) Iredale, 1936 :synonym of Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Profundinassa) Thiele, 1929: alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Proneritula) Thiele, 1929 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Psilarius) Woodring, 1964 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Pygmaeonassa) Annadale, 1924 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Retiarcularia) Shuto, 1969 :synonym of Nassarius (Plicarcularia) Thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Reticunassa) Iredale, 1936 : synonym of Nassarius (Hima) Gray, 1852 ex Leach, ms. alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Schizopyga) Conrad, 1856 : synonym of Nassarius (Caesia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Sphaeronassa) Locard, 1886 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Tarazeuxis) Iredale, 1936 : synonym of Nassarius (Telasco) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Tavanothia) Iredale, 1936 : synonym of Nassarius (Niotha) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Telasco) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Tritia) A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Nassarius (Hinia) Gray, 1847 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Tritonella) A. Adams, 1852 : synonym of Nassarius (Hima) Gray, 1852 ex Leach, ms. (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Usita) Noszky, 1936 : synonym of Nassarius (Uzita) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Uzita) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Venassa) Martens, 1881 : synonym of Nassarius (Zeuxis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Varicinassa) Habe, 1946 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805
  • Nassarius (Zaphon) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : synonym of Nassarius (Caesia) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805)
  • Nassarius (Zeuxis) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 : alternate representation of Nassarius Duméril, 1805

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Nassarius Duméril, 1806. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138235 on 2010-11-30
  2. ^ Bouzouggar, A., Barton, N., Vanhaeren, M., d'Errico, F., Collcutt, S., Higham, T., Hodge, E., Parfitt, S., Rhodes, E., Schwenninger, J.-L., Stringer, C., Turner, E., Ward, S., Moutmir, A. and Stambouli, A. 2007. "82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 4, 2007; http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0703877104v1
  3. ^ Study reveals 'oldest jewellery', BBC News, 22 June 2006
  4. ^ Haitao Li (李海涛), Duan Lin (林端), Hongda Fang (方宏达), Aijia Zhu (朱艾嘉) and Yang Gao (高阳), Species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus Nassarius (Nassariidae) based on mitochondrial genes , Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Volume 28, Number 3 / May, 2010, pp. 565-572, doi 10.1007/s00343-010-9031-4
  5. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Naytiopsis) granum; accessed : 25 February 2011
  6. ^ "Nassarius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=74103. 
  7. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Alectrion) aoteanus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  8. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius catallusl; accessed : 28 February 2011
  9. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Cryptonassarius) ephamillus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  10. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius miser; accessed : 28 February 2011
  11. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius karinae; accessed : 28 February 2011
  12. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Alectrion) spiratus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  13. ^ SysTax : Nassarius zonalis
  14. ^ OBIS : Nassarius
  15. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Nassarius) emilyae emilyae; accessed : 28 February 2011
  16. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Nassarius) grayii; accessed : 28 Februyary 2011
  17. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Hima) mobilis; accessed : 28 February 2011
  18. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius mundus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  19. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Nassarius) smitsorum; accessed : 28 February 2011
  20. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Nassodonta) dorri; accessed : 28 February 2011
  21. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Niotha) nigellus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  22. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Niotha) pauperatus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  23. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Plicarcularia) burchardi; accessed : 28 February 2011
  24. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Plicarcularia) jonasii; accessed : 28 February 2011
  25. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Plicarcularia) moolenbeeki; accessed : 28 February 2011
  26. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Telasco) limnaeiformis; accessed : 28 February 2011
  27. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Zeuxis) melanioides; accessed : 28 February 2011
  28. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Zeuxis) poupini; accessed : 28 February 2011
  29. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus; accessed : 28 February 2011
  30. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Zeuxis) reunionensis; accessed : 28 February 2011
  31. ^ Gastropods.com : Nassarius (Zeuxis) richeri; accessed : 28 February 2011
  • Cernohorsky W. O. (1984). Systematics of the Family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 14: 1-356
  • Bernard, P.A. (Ed.) (1984). Coquillages du Gabon [Shells of Gabon]. Pierre A. Bernard: Libreville, Gabon. 140, 75 plates pp
  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp
  • Wolff, W.J.; Duiven, P.; Esselink, P.; Gueve, A. (1993). Biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. Hydrobiologia 258(1-3): 151-163

[edit] External links

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