War on Cancer

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National Cancer Act of 1971, excerpt
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The War on Cancer refers to the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments, such as targeted drug therapies. The aim of such efforts is to eradicate cancer as a major cause of death. The signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by then U.S. President Richard Nixon is generally viewed as the beginning of the war on cancer, though it was not described as a "war" in the legislation itself.[1]

Despite significant progress in the treatment of certain forms cancer (such as childhood leukemia[2]), cancer in general remains a major cause of death nearly 40 years after this war on cancer began,[3] leading to a perceived lack of progress[4][5] and to new legislation aimed at augmenting the original National Cancer Act of 1971.[6] New research directions, in part based on the results of the Human Genome Project, holds promise for a better understanding of the genetic factors underlying cancer, and the development of new diagnostics, therapies, preventative measures, and early detection ability.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] National Cancer Act of 1971

The war on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.[7] The act was intended "to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer".[1] It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23, 1971.[8]

[edit] NCI Director's Challenge

In 2003, Andrew von Eschenbach, the director of the National Cancer Institute issued a challenge "to eliminate the suffering and death from cancer, and to do so by 2015".[9][10] This was supported by the American Association for Cancer Research in 2005.[11]

John E. Niederhuber, NCI's current director, noted that cancer is a global health crisis, with 12.9 million new cases diagnosed in 2009 worldwide and that by 2030, this number could rise to 27 million including 17 million deaths "unless we take more pressing action."[12]

[edit] Renewed focus on cancer

Recent years have seen an increased perception of a lack of progress in the war on cancer, and renewed motivation to confront the disease.[4][13] On July 15, 2008, the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions convened a panel discussion titled, Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century.[14] It included interviews with noted cancer survivors such as Arlen Specter, Elizabeth Edwards and Lance Armstrong, who came out of retirement in 2008, returning to competitive cycling "to raise awareness of the global cancer burden."[15]

[edit] Lance Armstrong Foundation

Main article: Lance Armstrong Foundation

The Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) created the LIVESTRONG Global Cancer Campaign to address the burden of cancer worldwide and encourage nations to make commitments to battle the disease and provide better access to care.[16] In April 2009, the LAF announced that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan pledged $300 million to fund three important cancer control initiatives – building a cutting-edge cancer treatment and research facility, developing a national cancer control plan and creating an Office of Advocacy and Survivorship.[17] The LAF encourages similar commitments from other nations to combat the disease.

LIVESTRONG Day is an annual event established by the LAF to serve as "a global day of action to raise awareness about the fight against cancer." Individuals from around the world are encouraged to host cancer-oriented events in their local communities and then register their events with the LAF website.[18] In 2009, LIVESTRONG Day occurred on October 2.

[edit] 21st Century Cancer Access to Life-Saving Early detection, Research and Treatment (ALERT) Act

The US Senate on 26 March 2009 issued a new bill (S. 717), the 21st Century Cancer Access to Life-Saving Early detection, Research and Treatment (ALERT) Act[19] intended to "overhaul the 1971 National Cancer Act."[6] The bill aims to improve patient access to prevention and early detection by:

  1. providing funding for research in early detection,
  2. supplying grants for screening and referrals for treatment, and
  3. increasing access to clinical trials and information.

[edit] Obama-Biden Plan to Combat Cancer

During their 2008 U.S. presidential campaign then Senators Barack Obama and Joe Biden published a plan to combat cancer that entailed doubling "federal funding for cancer research within 5 years, focusing on NIH and NCI" as well as working "with Congress to increase funding for the Food and Drug Administration."[20][21] Their plan would provide additional funding for:

  • research on rare cancers and those without effective treatment options,
  • the study of health disparities and evaluation of possible interventions,
  • and efforts to better understand genetic factors that can impact cancer onset and outcomes.

President Obama's 2009 economic stimulus package includes $10 billion for the NIH, which funds much of the cancer research in the U.S., and he has pledged to increase federal funding for cancer research by a third for the next two years as part of a drive to find "a cure for cancer in our time."[22][23] In a message published in the July 2009 issue of Harper's Bazaar, President Obama described his mother's battle with ovarian cancer and, noting the additional funding his administration has slated for cancer research, stated: "Now is the time to commit ourselves to waging a war against cancer as aggressive as the war cancer wages against us."[24] On 30 September 2009, Obama announced that $1 billion of a $5 billion medical research spending plan would be earmarked for research into the genetic causes of cancer and targeted cancer treatments.[25]

Cancer-related federal spending of money from the 2009 Recovery Act can be tracked online.[26]

[edit] World Cancer Campaign

The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) has organized a World Cancer campaign in 2009 with the theme, "I love my healthy active childhood," to promote healthy habits in children and thereby reduce their lifestyle-based cancer risk as adults.[27] The World Health Organization is also promoting this campaign[28] and joins with the UICC in annually promoting World Cancer Day on 4 February.[29]

[edit] Progress

Though there has been significant progress in the understanding of cancer biology, risk factors, treatments, and prognosis of some types of cancer (such as childhood leukemia[2]) since the inception of the National Cancer Act of 1971, progress in reducing the overall cancer mortality rate has been disappointing.[4][23] Many types of cancer remain incurable (such as pancreatic cancer[30]) and the overall death rate from cancer has not decreased appreciably since the 1970s.[31] The death rate for cancer in the U.S., adjusted for population size and age, dropped only 5 percent from 1950 to 2005.[3] Cancer is expected to surpass cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the world by 2010, according to the World Health Organization's World Cancer Report 2008.[32][33]

Yet there is evidence for progress in reducing cancer mortality. Age-specific analysis of cancer mortality rates has indicated significant progress in reducing cancer mortality in the United States since 1955. An August 2009 study found that age-specific cancer mortality rates have been steadily declining since the early 1950s for individuals born since 1925, with the youngest age groups experiencing the steepest decline in mortality rate at 25.9 percent per decade, and the oldest age groups experiencing a 6.8 percent per decade decline.[34] Dr. Eric Kort, the lead author of this study, claims that public reports often focus on cancer incidence rates and underappreciate the progress that has been achieved in reduced cancer mortality rates.[35]

The effectiveness and expansion of available therapies has seen significant improvements since the 1970s. For example, lumpectomy replaced more invasive mastectomy surgery for the treatment of breast cancer.[36] Treatment of childhood leukemia[2] and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have undergone major advances since the war on cancer began. The drug Gleevec now cures most CML patients, compared to previous therapy with interferon, which extended life for approximately 1 year in only 20-30 percent of patients.[37]

Dr. Steven Rosenberg, chief of surgery at the NCI has said that as of the year 2000, 50% of all diagnosed cases of cancer are curable through a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.[38][36]

[edit] Challenges

A multitude of factors have been cited as impeding progress in finding a cure for cancer[4][5] and key areas have been identified and suggested as important to accelerate progress in cancer research.[39] Some of the factors that have posed challenges for the development of preventative measures and anti-cancer drugs and therapies include the following:

[edit] Modern approaches to cancer research

[edit] Genome-based cancer research projects

The rise of a new class of molecular technologies developed during the Human Genome Project opens up new ways to study cancer and holds the promise for the discovery of new aspects of cancer biology that could eventually lead to novel, more effective diagnostics and therapies for cancer patients.[51] [52] [53] These new technologies are capable of screening many biomolecules and genetic variations such as SNPs[54] and copy number variations in a single experiment and are employed within functional genomics and personalized medicine studies.

Speaking on the occasion of the announcement of $1 billion in new funding for genome-based cancer research, Dr. Francis Collins, director of the NIH claimed, "We are about to see a quantum leap in our understanding of cancer."[25]

High-throughput DNA sequencing has been used to study the whole genome sequence of two different cancer tissues: a small-cell lung cancer metastasis and a malignant melanoma cell line.[55] The sequence information provides a comprehensive catalog of approximately 90% of the somatic mutations in the cancerous tissue, providing a more detailed molecular and genetic understanding of cancer biology than was previously possible, and offering hope for the development of new therapeutic strategies gleaned from these insights.[56][57]

[edit] The Cancer Genome Atlas

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a collaborative effort between the National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute, is an example of a basic research project that is employing some of these new molecular approaches.[58] One TCGA publication notes the following:

Here we report the interim integrative analysis of DNA copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation aberrations in 206 glioblastomas...Together, these findings establish the feasibility and power of TCGA, demonstrating that it can rapidly expand knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.[59]

In a cancer research funding announcement made by president Obama in September 2009, TCGA project is slated to receive $175 million in funding to collect comprehensive gene sequence data on 20,000 tissue samples from people with more than 20 different types of cancer, in order to help researchers understand the genetic changes underlying cancer. New, targeted therapeutic approaches are expected to arise from the insights resulting from such studies.[25]

[edit] Cancer Genome Project

The Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute aims to identify sequence variants/mutations critical in the development of human cancers. The Cancer Genome Project combines knowledge of the human genome sequence with high throughput mutation detection techniques.[60]

[edit] Cancer research supportive infrastructure

Advances in information technology supporting cancer research, such as the NCI's caBIG project, promise to improve data sharing among cancer researchers and accelerate "the discovery of new approaches for the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, ultimately improving patient outcomes."[61]

[edit] Modern approaches to cancer treatment

[edit] Cancer clinical trials

A 2007 workshop held by the National Cancer Policy Forum examined new approaches to clinical trial design and execution that would improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and overall success rate of cancer clinical trials.[62]

[edit] Targeted tumor treatment

A major challenge in cancer treatment is to find better ways to specifically target tumors with drugs and chemotherapeutic agents in order to provide a more effective, localized dose and to minimize exposure of healthy tissue in other parts of the body to the potentially adverse effects of the treatments. The accessibility of different tissues and organs to anti-tumor drugs contributes to this challenge. For example, the blood-brain barrier blocks many drugs that may otherwise be effective against brain tumors. In November 2009, a new, experimental therapeutic approach for treating glioblastoma was published in which the anti-tumor drug Avastin was delivered to turmor site within the brain through the use of microcatheters, along with mannitol to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier permitting delivery of the chemotherapy into the brain.[63][64]

[edit] Improving public education

An important aspect to the war on cancer is improving public access to educational resources about the disease, to provide individuals with the latest information about cancer prevention and treatment. Both the NCI and the ACS operate Cancer Information Service (CIS) toll-free telephone lines to provide cancer information, education, and resources to the public.[65][66]

[edit] NCI Cancer Information Service

[edit] ACS Cancer Information Service

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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[edit] External links

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