Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɪ | |||
| IPA number | 319 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɪ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+026A | ||
| X-SAMPA | I |
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| Kirshenbaum | I |
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| Sound | |||
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.svg)
| Near-close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɪ̟ |
The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩. The IPA symbol is a small capital letter i.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following transcriptions, a fully front vowel is represented by the "advanced" diacritic [ɪ̟].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Cantonese | 冰 bing1 | [pɪŋ˥] | 'ice' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Wu | 一 ih | [iɪʔ˥] | 'one' | ||
| Czech | byli | [ˈbɪlɪ] | 'they were' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[1] | hel | [ˈhɪ̟ːˀl] | 'whole' | Fully front; often transcribed /e/. See Danish phonology |
| English | Most dialects | bit | [bɪt] (help·info) |
'bit' | See English phonology |
| Australian[2] | [bɪ̟t] | Fully front and somewhat raised, tenser than in most other dialects. See Australian English phonology | |||
| New Zealand | bed | [bɪd] | 'bed' | Some speakers. For others it's more open [e], or even [ɛ], in case of South African English. | |
| South African | |||||
| French | Quebec | petite | [pət͡sɪt] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard[3] | bitte | [ˈbɪtʰə] (help·info) |
'please' | See German phonology |
| Irish | duine | [dˠɪnʲə] | 'person' | See Irish phonology | |
| Lithuanian | viltis | [vʲɪlʲˈtʲɪs] | 'hope' | ||
| Luxembourgish[4] | Been | [bɪ̟ːn] | 'leg' | Fully front. May be transcribed /eː/. | |
| Mongolian[5] | ? | [xɪɾɘ̆] | 'hillside' | ||
| Plautdietsch | winta | [ˈvɪntə] | 'winter' | ||
| Portuguese | Brazilian[6] | Filipe | [fɪˈɫipɪ] | 'Filipe' | Unstressed vowel ⟨e⟩ in some dialects. Corresponds to [i ~ e̞] in Brazil and /ɨ/ in other national variants. See Portuguese phonology |
| Norwegian | litt | [lɪt] | 'a little' | May be fully front. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Russian[7] | дерево | [ˈdʲerʲɪvə] (help·info) |
'tree' | Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | thig | [hɪk] | 'come' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Sicilian | arrìriri | [aˈrɪɾiɾi] | 'smile' | ||
| Spanish[8] | Eastern Andalusian | mis | [mɪ̟ː] | 'my' (pl.) | Fully front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[9] | sill | [s̪ɪ̟l̪] (help·info) |
'herring' | Fully front and lowered, more like [e̝]. See Swedish phonology |
| Ukrainian | ходити | [xɔˈd̪ɪt̪ɪ] | 'to walk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | chị | [cɪj˧ˀ˨] | 'elder sister' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | Standard | lippe | [ˈɫɪ̽pə] | 'lip' | Backed and slightly lowered, more like [ɘ̟]. |
| Hindelopers | beast | [bɪːst] | 'animal' | ||
The Dutch vowel /ɪ/ is actually lower than near-close; it's [ɘ̟] in the Netherlands,[10] and [ë̞] in Belgium.[11]
References[edit]
- ^ Grønnum (1998)
- ^ Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox (2009-08-01). "Australian English Monophthongs". Clas.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:37)
- ^ Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
Bibliography[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
