Near-open central vowel

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Near-open central vowel
ɐ
IPA number 324
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɐ
Unicode (hex) U+0250
X-SAMPA 6
Kirshenbaum &"
Sound

The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.

Contents

Features [edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
iy
ɨʉ
ɯu
ɪʏ
eø
ɘɵ
ɤo
ɛœ
ɜɞ
ʌɔ
ɐ
aɶ
ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view

Occurrence [edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[1] قطة [qitˤːɐ] 'cat' Allophone of long and short /a/ before a word boundary. See Arabic phonology
Bulgarian ъгъл [ˈɤ̞ɡɐɫ] 'angle'
Catalan Barcelona
metropolitan area
[2][3]
se [sɐ] 'itself' Typically transcribed as /ə/. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese sam1 [sɐm˥] 'heart' See Cantonese phonology
Danish Standard[4] ånd [ɐ̠nˀ] 'spirit' Somewhat retracted, often transcribed /ʌ/. See Danish phonology
Dawsahak [nɐ] 'to give'
Dutch Limburg letter [ˈlɛtɐ] 'letter' Not all dialects. Corresponds to /ər/ in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
The Hague
English California[5] nut [nɐt] 'nut' ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel as it corresponds to /ʌ/ in some other dialects. In South Africa it may be as open as [ä] for some speakers, and in New Zealand it may be fronted to [ɐ̟]. See English phonology
New Zealand
RP[6]
South African
Scottish[7] stack [stɐ̟k] 'stack' Fronted, corresponds to [æ] (also [ɑː] in some dialects) in other dialects.
Inland Northern American[8] bet [bɐt] 'bet' Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
German Standard[9] oder About this sound [ˈoːdɐ]  'or' Allophone of /ər/ used in many dialects. See German phonology
Greek[10] ακακία akaa [ɐkɐˈci.ɐ] 'acacia' See Modern Greek phonology
Korean[11] bal [pɐl] 'foot' Somewhat lowered. More often transcribed with ⟨a⟩. See Korean phonology
Portuguese Fluminense cana-de-açúcar [ˈkɜ̃nə dʑ ɐˈsukɐχ] 'sugarcane' In complementary distribution with /a/.[12] Raised to [ɜ̝] in other variants (where it is a phoneme). See Portuguese phonology
General Brazilian[12] [ˈkɐ̃nɐ dʑ ɐ̞ˈsukɐ̞h]
European[13] pão [pɐ̃w̃] 'bread' Stressed vowel, mostly as a phonemic nasal vowel (when not followed by a nasal stop). Raised otherwise.
Russian[14] голова About this sound [ɡəɫɐˈva]  'head' Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Vietnamese ăn [ɐn] 'to eat' See Vietnamese phonology

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Thelwall (1990:39)
  2. ^ Rafel (1999:14)
  3. ^ Harrison (1997:2)
  4. ^ Grønnum (1998:100–101)
  5. ^ Ladefoged (1999:?)
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  7. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  8. ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997). "A national map of the regional dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 15, 2013. 
  9. ^ Mangold (2005:37)
  10. ^ Arvaniti (2007:25)
  11. ^ Lee (1999:121)
  12. ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
  13. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91–92)
  14. ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005:16)

References [edit]