# Negation normal form

In mathematical logic, a formula is in negation normal form if the negation operator ($\lnot$, not) is only applied to variables and the only other allowed Boolean operators are conjunction ($\land$, and) and disjunction ($\lor$, or).

Negation normal form is not a canonical form: for example, $a \land (b\lor \lnot c)$ and $(a \land b) \lor (a \land \lnot c)$ are equivalent, and are both in negation normal form.

In classical logic and many modal logics, every formula can be brought into this form by replacing implications and equivalences by their definitions, using De Morgan's laws to push negation inwards, and eliminating double negations. This process can be represented using the following rewrite rules:

$\lnot (\forall x. G) \to \exists x. \lnot G$
$\lnot (\exists x. G) \to \forall x. \lnot G$
$\lnot \lnot G \to G$
$\lnot (G_1 \land G_2) \to (\lnot G_1) \lor (\lnot G_2)$
$\lnot (G_1 \lor G_2) \to (\lnot G_1) \land (\lnot G_2)$

A formula in negation normal form can be put into the stronger conjunctive normal form or disjunctive normal form by applying distributivity.

## Examples and counterexamples

The following formulae are all in negation normal form:

$(A \vee B) \wedge C$
$(A \wedge (\lnot B \vee C) \wedge \lnot C) \vee D$
$A \vee \lnot B$
$A \wedge \lnot B$

The first example is also in conjunctive normal form and the last two are in both conjunctive normal form and disjunctive normal form, but the second example is in neither.

The following formulae are not in negation normal form:

$A \Rightarrow B$
$\lnot (A \vee B)$
$\lnot (A \wedge B)$
$\lnot (A \vee \lnot C)$

They are however respectively equivalent to the following formulae in negation normal form:

$\lnot A \vee B$
$\lnot A \wedge \lnot B$
$\lnot A \vee \lnot B$
$\lnot A \wedge C$

## References

• Alan J.A. Robinson and Andrei Voronkov, Handbook of Automated Reasoning 1:203ff (2001) ISBN 0444829490.