Nehalem (microarchitecture)
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For other uses, see Nehalem.
Nehalem (pronounced /nəˈheɪləm/[1]) is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core microarchitecture.[2] Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process. A preview system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum in 2007. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,[3] which was released in November 2008.
Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different architecture from Netburst, although Nehalem still has some things in common with NetBurst. Nehalem-based microprocessors utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-threading is reintroduced along with an L3 Cache missing from most Core-based microprocessors. Nehalem was replaced with the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture, released in January 2011.
Contents |
[edit] Technology
- Hyper-threading reintroduced.
- 4–12 MB L3 cache
- Second-level branch predictor and translation lookaside buffer
- Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octo-core processors
- Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front side bus
- 64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) and 256 KB L2 cache/core.
- Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge
- Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
- 2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting [4]
[edit] Performance and power improvements
It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.[5] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:
- 10-25% more single-threaded performance / 20-100% more multithreaded performance at the same power level
- 30% lower power usage for the same performance
- Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core(average)
Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge chipset.[6]
Nehalem processors incorporate SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding 7 new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate atomic overhead .[7]
[edit] Westmere
Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is the name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. The first Westmere-based processors were launched on January 7, 2010.
Westmere's feature improvements from Nehalem as reported:
- Native six-core (Gulftown) and ten-core (Westmere-EX) processors.[8]
- A new set of instructions that gives over 3x the encryption and decryption rate of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) processes compared to before.[9]
- Delivers seven new instructions (AES instruction set or AES-NI) that will be used by the AES algorithm. Also an instruction called PCLMULQDQ (see CLMUL instruction set) that will perform carry-less multiplication for use in cryptography.[10] These instructions will allow the processor to perform hardware-accelerated encryption, not only resulting in faster execution but also protecting against software targeted attacks.
- Integrated graphics, added into the processor package (dual core Arrandale and Clarkdale only).
- Improved virtualization latency.[11]
- New virtualization capability: "VMX Unrestricted mode support," which allows 16-bit guests to run (real mode and big real mode).
- Support for "Huge Pages" of 1 GB in size.
[edit] Variants Overview
| Processing Cores (interface) | Process | Die Size | CPUID | Model | Stepping | Mobile | Desktop, UP Server | DP Server | MP Server |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eight-Core (Quad-Channel) | 45 nm | 684 mm² | 206E6 | 46 | D0 | Beckton (80604) | |||
| Quad-Core (Triple-Channel) | 45 nm | 263 mm² | 106A4 106A5 |
26 | C0 D0 |
Bloomfield (80601) | Gainestown (80602) | ||
| Quad-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe) | 45 nm | 296 mm² | 106E4 106E5 |
30 | B0 B1 |
Clarksfield (80607) | Lynnfield (80605) | Jasper Forest (80612) | |
| Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) | 45 nm | Auburndale (canceled) | Havendale (canceled) | ||||||
| Ten-Core (Quad-channel)[12] | 32 nm | 513 mm² | 206F2 | 47 | A2 | Westmere-EX (80615) | |||
| Six-Core (Triple-Channel) | 32 nm | 248 mm² | 206C2 | 44 | B1 | Gulftown (80613) | Westmere-EP (80614) | ||
| Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) | 32 nm 45 nm |
81+114 mm² | 20652 20655 |
37 | C2 K0 |
Arrandale (80617) | Clarkdale (80616) | ||
[edit] Nehalem
- Lynnfield processors feature integrated PCIe 1 x16 or 2 x8.
- 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[13]
[edit] Server / Desktop Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chipset | Memory | ||||||||||||
| Beckton1 | MP Server / DP Server |
8 (16) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon [14] | X7560 | 2.26 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | DDR3-800 / 1066 (Up to 4x with SMB-Ready Motherboard) |
24 MB | 2010-03-30[15] | $3692 |
| X7550 | 2.0 GHz | 18 MB | $2837 | ||||||||||
| X6550 | $2461 | ||||||||||||
| L7555 | 1.86 GHz | 95 W | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 24 MB | $3157 | ||||||||
| 6 (12) | E7540 | 2.0 GHz | 105 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 18 MB | $1980 | |||||||
| E6540 | 12 MB | $1712 | |||||||||||
| E7530 | 1.86 GHz | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $1391 | ||||||||||
| L7545 | 18 MB | $2087 | |||||||||||
| 6 (6) | X7542 | 2.66 GHz | 130 W | $1980 | |||||||||
| 4 (8) | E7520 | 1.86 GHz | No | 105 W | 4× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $856 | |||||||
| E6510 | 1.73 GHz | 12 MB | $744 | ||||||||||
| Gainestown | DP Server[16] | 4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon[17] | W5590 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-13331 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $1600 |
| W5580 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[18] | $1500 | ||||||||||
| X5570 | 2.93 GHz | 95 W | $1286 | ||||||||||
| X5560 | 2.8 GHz | $1072 | |||||||||||
| X5550 | 2.66 GHz | $858 | |||||||||||
| E5540 | 2.53 GHz | 80 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-10661 | $744 | ||||||||
| E5530 | 2.4 GHz | $530 | |||||||||||
| E5520 | 2.26 GHz | $373 | |||||||||||
| L5530 | 2.4 GHz | 60 W | 2009-08-09 | $744 | |||||||||
| L5520 | 2.26 GHz | 2009-03-30 | $530 | ||||||||||
| L5518 | 2.13 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| 4 (4) | E5507 | 2.26 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-8001 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $266 | ||||
| E5506 | 2.13 GHz | 2009-03-29 | |||||||||||
| L5506 | 2.13 GHz | 60 W | $423 | ||||||||||
| E5504 | 2.0 GHz | 80 W | $224 | ||||||||||
| 2 (4) | L5508 | 2.0 GHz | Yes | 38 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 8 MB | $ | |||||
| 2 (2) | E5503 | 2.0 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-800 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $224 | ||||
| E5502 | 1.86 GHz | 2009-03-29 | $188 | ||||||||||
| Bloomfield | UP Server[19] | 4 (8) | Xeon[20] | W3580 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $999 | |
| W3570 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | |||||||||||
| W3565 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-11-01 | $562 | ||||||||
| W3550 | 3.06 GHz | 2009-08-09 | |||||||||||
| W3540 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | |||||||||||
| W3530 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $294 | ||||||||||
| W3520 | 2.66 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | $284 | ||||||||||
| 2(2) | W3505 | 2.53 GHz | No | 4 MB | $ | ||||||||
| W3503 | 2.4 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| Lynnfield | 4 (8) | LGA 1156 |
X3480 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-05-30 | $612 | ||
| X3470 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-09-08 | $589 | ||||||||||
| X3460 | 2.8 GHz | $316 | |||||||||||
| X3450 | 2.66 GHz | $241 | |||||||||||
| X3440 | 2.53 GHz | $215 | |||||||||||
| L3426 | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | $284 | ||||||||||
| 4 (4) | X3430 | 2.4 GHz | 95 W | $189 | |||||||||
| Bloomfield | Enthusiast Desktop[21] |
4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Core i7 Extreme |
975[22] | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-05-31 | $999 | |
| 965 | 3.2 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
| Core i7 | 960[23] | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2009-10-20 | $562 | ||||||||
| 950[22] | 3.06 GHz | 2009-05-31 | |||||||||||
| 940 | 2.93 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
| 930 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-02-28 | $294 | ||||||||||
| 920 | 2.66 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $284 | ||||||||||
| Lynnfield | Performance Desktop |
LGA 1156 |
880 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-05-30 | $583 | |||
| 875K | 2.93 GHz | $342 | |||||||||||
| 870[24] | 2009-09-08 | $562 | |||||||||||
| 870S | 2.66 GHz | 82 W | 2010-07-19 | $351 | |||||||||
| 860 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $284 | |||||||||
| 860S | 2.53 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $337 | |||||||||
| 4 (4) | Core i5 | 760 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2010-07-17 | $209 | |||||||
| 750[25] | 2.66 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $196 | |||||||||
| 750S | 2.4 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $259 | |||||||||
- Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[26][27]
[edit] Mobile Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
Core Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | L3 cache |
Interface | Release Date | Price for 1k Unit |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clarksfield | Extreme / Performance Mobile |
4 (8) | µPGA 988 |
Core i7 Extreme |
940XM | 2.13 GHz | Yes | 55 W | 8 MB | * DMI * 2x DDR3-1333 * PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8 |
2010-06-21 | $1096 |
| 920XM | 2.0 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $1054 | |||||||||
| Core i7 | 840QM | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | 2010-06-21 | $568 | |||||||
| 820QM | 1.73 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $546 | |||||||||
| 740QM | 6 MB | 2010-06-21 | $378 | |||||||||
| 720QM | 1.6 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $364 | |||||||||
[edit] Westmere
- TDP includes the integrated GPU, if present.
- Clarkdale processors feature an integrated PCIe 1 x16.
- Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.[28][29]
[edit] Server / Desktop Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & model |
Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date |
Price | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core | GPU | Chipset | Memory | |||||||||||
| Westmere-EX | MP Server | 10 (20) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon | E7-4870 | 2.4 GHz | N/A | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 30 MB | 2011-04-05 [30] |
$4394 | |
| E7-4860 | 2.26 GHz | 24 MB | $3838 | |||||||||||
| E7-4850 | 2 GHz | $2837 | ||||||||||||
| Gulftown / Westmere-EP [31] |
DP Server | 6 (12) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon | X5690 | 3.46 GHz | N/A | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 12 MB | 2011-02-13 | $1663 |
| X5680 | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | ||||||||||||
| X5675 | 3.06 GHz | 95 W | 2011-02-05 | $1440 | ||||||||||
| X5670 | 2.93 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $1440 | |||||||||||
| X5660 | 2.8 GHz | $1219 | ||||||||||||
| X5650 | 2.66 GHz | $996 | ||||||||||||
| E5645 | 2.4 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $958 | ||||||||||
| L5640 | 2.26 GHz | 60 W | $996 | |||||||||||
| L5638 | 2.0 GHz | $958 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (8) | X5677 | 3.46 GHz | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | $1663 | |||||||||
| X5667 | 3.06 GHz | 95 W | $1440 | |||||||||||
| E5640 | 2.66 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | $774 | |||||||||
| E5630 | 2.53 GHz | $551 | ||||||||||||
| E5620 | 2.4 GHz | $387 | ||||||||||||
| L5630 | 2.13 GHz | 40 W | $551 | |||||||||||
| L5618 | 1.86 GHz | $530 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (4) | L5609 | 1.86 GHz | No | 2× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $440 | |||||||||
| UP Server | 6 (12) | Xeon | W3680 | 3.33 GHz | N/A | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 2010-03-16[32] | $999 | |||
| W3670 | 3.20 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2010-08-29 | $885 | |||||||||
| Extreme / Performance Desktop |
Core i7 Extreme |
990X | 3.46 GHz | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 2011-02-13 | $999 | ||||||||
| 980X | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | ||||||||||||
| Core i7 | 970 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2010-07-17 | $885 | |||||||||
| Clarkdale[33] | UP Server | 2 (4) | LGA 1156 |
Xeon | L3406 | 2.26 GHz | N/A | Yes | 30 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $189 |
| L3403 | 2.0 GHz | 2010-10 | $ | |||||||||||
| Mainstream / Value Desktop |
Core i5 | 680 | 3.6 GHz | 733 MHz | 73 W | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-04-18 | $294 | ||||||
| 670 | 3.46 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $284 | |||||||||||
| 661 | 3.33 GHz | 900 MHz | 87 W | $196 | ||||||||||
| 660 | 733 MHz | 73 W | ||||||||||||
| 650 | 3.2 GHz | $176 | ||||||||||||
| Core i3 | 560 | 3.33 GHz | No | 2010-08-29 | $138 | |||||||||
| 550 | 3.20 GHz | 2010-05-30 | ||||||||||||
| 540 | 3.06 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $133 | |||||||||||
| 530 | 2.93 GHz | $113 | ||||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | G6950 | 2.8 GHz | 533 MHz | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | $87 | |||||||
| Celeron | G1101 | 2.26 GHz | 2 MB | OEM | ||||||||||
[edit] Mobile Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | GPU Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Memory | L3 cache |
Interface | Release Date |
Price | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Turbo (1C/2C active cores ) |
|||||||||||||
| Arrandale | Mainstream /
Value Mobile |
2 (4) | Core i7 | 640M | 2.8 GHz | 3.47/3.2 GHz | 766 MHz | Yes | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | * DMI * PCIe 1 x16 * Socket: µPGA-988 / BGA-1288 |
2010-09-26 | $346 |
| 620M | 2.66 GHz | 3.33/3.2 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||||
| 610E | 2.53 GHz | 3.2/2.93 GHz | OEM | |||||||||||
| 660LM | 2.26 GHz | 3.06/2.8 GHz | 566 MHz | 25 W | 2010-09-26 | $346 | ||||||||
| 640LM | 2.13 GHz | 2.93/2.66 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||||
| 620LM / 620LE | 2.0 GHz | 2.8/2.53 GHz | $300 | |||||||||||
| 680UM | 1.46 GHz | 2.53/2.16 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $317 | |||||||
| 660UM | 1.33 GHz | 2.4/2.0 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $289 | ||||||||||
| 640UM | 1.2 GHz | 2.26/1.87 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $305 | ||||||||||
| 620UM / 620UE | 1.06 GHz | 2.13/1.76 GHz | $278 | |||||||||||
| Core i5 | 580M | 2.66 GHz | 3.33/2.93 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | 2010-09-26 | $266 | |||||
| 560M | 2.66 GHz | 3.2/2.93 GHz | $260 | |||||||||||
| 540M | 2.53 GHz | 3.06/2.8 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $257 | ||||||||||
| 520M / 520E | 2.4 GHz | 2.93/2.66 GHz | $225 | |||||||||||
| 560UM | 1.33 GHz | 2.13/1.86 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $250 | |||||||
| 540UM | 1.2 GHz | 2.0/1.73 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $250 | ||||||||||
| 520UM | 1.06 GHz | 1.86/1.6 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $241 | ||||||||||
| 480M | 2.67 GHz | 2.93/2.93 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2011-01-09 | OEM | |||||||
| 460M | 2.53 GHz | 2.8/2.8 GHz | 2010-09-26 | |||||||||||
| 450M | 2.4 GHz | 2.66/2.66 GHz | 2010-06-26 | |||||||||||
| 430M | 2.26 GHz | 2.53/2.53 GHz | 2010-01-07 | |||||||||||
| 470UM | 1.33 GHz | 1.86/1.6 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | ||||||||
| 430UM | 1.2 GHz | 1.73/1.47 GHz | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||||
| Core i3 | 380M | 2.54 GHz | n/a | 667 MHz | No | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | ||||||
| 370M | 2.4 GHz | 2010-06-20 | ||||||||||||
| 350M | 2.26 GHz | 2010-01-07 | ||||||||||||
| 330M / 330E | 2.13 GHz | |||||||||||||
| 380UM | 1.33 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | |||||||||
| 330UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-05-25 | ||||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | P6200 | 2.13 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | |||||||
| P6100 | 2.00 GHz | |||||||||||||
| P6000 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-06-20 | ||||||||||||
| U5400 | 1.20 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
| Celeron | P4600 | 2.00 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2 MB | 2010-09-26 | $86 | ||||||
| P4500 / P4505 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-03-28 | OEM | |||||||||||
| U3400 / U3405 | 1.06 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 / 1066 | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
[edit] Successor
The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.
[edit] References
- ^ I Am Nehalem, http://www.metacafe.com/watch/830178/i_am_nehalem/
- ^ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, 2007-03-28, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070328fact.htm
- ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (2008-08-10), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily, http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/38818/135/
- ^ QInside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System
- ^ "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development" (in Japanese), PC Watch, 2008-01-29, http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/0129/kaigai412.htm
- ^ Botezatu, Bogdan (2008-04-22), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-No-Overclocking-for-Mainstream-Nehalems-84019.shtml
- ^ NO EXECUTE!, http://www.emulators.com/docs/nx24_hot_chips.htm
- ^ Intel says no to 28nm, focuses on 22nm: Ivy Bridge/Haswell & Larrabee, http://brightsideofnews.com/news/2009/4/16/intel-says-no-to-28nm2c-focuses-on-22nm-ivy-bridgehaswell--larrabee.aspx
- ^ Smalley, Tim (2007-09-19), Westmere is Nehalem's successor, bit-tech.net, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/2007/09/19/westmere_is_nehalem_successor/1
- ^ Carry-Less Multiplication and Its Usage for Computing The GCM Mode – Intel Software Network, 2008-04-11, http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/carry-less-multiplication-and-its-usage-for-computing-the-gcm-mode, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Fuad Abazovic (2008-09-16), Westmere 32nm to improve Nehalem features, Fudzilla.com, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/westmere-32nm-to-improve-nehalem-features, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Westmere-EX 10 core CPUs announced by Intel at IDF
- ^ High-End x86: The Nehalem EX Xeon 7500 and Dell R810
- ^ AMD launches 12-core Opteron server chips, Intel counters with the 8-core Xeon 7500, engadedget.com, 2010-03-31, http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/30/amd-launches-12-core-opteron-server-chips-intel-counters-with-t/, retrieved 2010-03-31
- ^ Nebojsa Novakovic (2009-02-12), Intel's next bunch of fun CPUs moves to 2010, CNN International, http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/opinion/976/1050976/intel-bunch-fun-cpus-moves-2010, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Product brief, (Document Number: 321579-001US), Intel, 2009-04-01, http://www-2000.ibm.com/partnerworld/ap/kr/intel_xeon_5500_prodbrief.pdf, retrieved 2010-08-27
- ^ Core i7 to make leap to Xeon in early 2009, Legacy.macnn.com, http://legacy.macnn.com/articles/08/11/13/xeon.i7.in.early.2009/, retrieved 2008-11-24
- ^ Fuad Abazovic (2009-01-28), Nehalem based Xeon comes Mar 29th, Fudzilla.com, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/nehalem-based-xeon-comes-mar-29th, retrieved 2009-01-28
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series, Intel, 2009-04-01, http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/asmo-na/eng/products/server/processors/3500/feature/index.htm, retrieved 2009-04-10
- ^ a b c d Teglet, Traian (2008-11-13), Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor, softpedia, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-to-Add-New-Nehalem-Xeon-Processors-97856.shtml, retrieved 2008-11-13
- ^ "Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme Datasheet, Volume 2, (Document Number: 320835-002)". Intel. 2008-11-01. http://download.intel.com/design/processor/datashts/320835.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
- ^ a b Worrel, Jon (2009-02-09), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, http://www.fudzilla.com/processors/processors/processors/core-i7-950-and-975-to-replace-940-and-965, retrieved 2009-02-10
- ^ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons, http://www.guru3d.com/news/intel-to-launch-new-core-i7-960-and-celerons/
- ^ Intel Core i5-750, AnandTech, 2009-06-17, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=3585
- ^ Intel Quietly Announces Core i5, Xtreview, 2009-06-26, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=3585
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5000 SequenceTechnical Documents, http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/products/server/processor/xeon5000/technical-documents
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2, Intel, March 2009, http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/datasheet/321322.pdf, retrieved 2009-05-01
- ^ Bell, Brandon (2009-02-10), Intel CPU Roadmap 2009–2010, FS Media, Inc, http://www.firingsquad.com/hardware/intel_32nm_westmere_roadmap/page2.asp, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ CPU list, http://www.hwinfo.com/Lists/cpu.htm
- ^ Intel Launches New Xeon Chips with Up to Ten Cores, http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20110405135321_Intel_Launches_New_Xeon_Chips_with_Up_to_Ten_Cores.html
- ^ Intel pushes workhorse Xeons to six cores, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/16/intel_xeon_5600_launch/
- ^ Intel Launches Its Most Secure Data Center Processor, http://sanfrancisco.dbusinessnews.com/viewnews.php?article=bwire/20100316005652r1.xml
- ^ Intel Clarkdale Processor, XTREVIEW, 2009-02-09, http://xtreview.com/addcomment-id-7818-view-Intel-clarkdale-processor.html, retrieved 2009-03-01
[edit] Further reading
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2010) |
- InfoWorld review: Intel's Westmere struts its stuff, InfoWorld, 2010-03-16, http://www.infoworld.com/d/hardware/infoworld-review-intels-westmere-struts-its-stuff-588
- IDF: Intel Clarkdale Up Close and Personal, X-bit Labs, 2009-09-24, http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/clarkdale-sneakpeek.html
- Intel Core i7 Processors: Nehalem and X58 Have Arrived, Hot Hardware, 2008-11-03, http://hothardware.com/Articles/Intel-Core-i7-Processors-Nehalem-and-X58-Have-Arrived/
- Intel Core i7 CPU & Nehalem Architecture Review, hardCOREware.net, 2008-11-03, http://www.hardcoreware.net/reviews/review-372-1.htm
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 Series Complete Review, PC Perspective, 2008-11-03, http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=634
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 940 Review, Xtreview, 2008-10-01, http://xtreview.com/addcomment-id-6524-view-Intel-core-i-7-940-review.html
- Altavilla, Dave (2008-03-17), Intel Showcases Dunnington, Nehalem and Larrabee Processors, HotHardware, http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/Intel_Showcases_Dunnington_Nehalem_and_Larrabee_Processors/
- Shrout, Ryan (2008-03-28), Intel Slides and Nehalem architecture information, PC Perspective, http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=382&type=expert
- Stokes, Jon (2007-03-28), Intel drops a Nehalem bomb on AMD's Fusion: integrated graphics, on-die memory controller, SMT, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070328-intel-aims-nehalem-at-amds-fusion-integrated-graphics-on-die-memory-controller-smt.html
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2007-09-18), Nehalem: Single die, 8-cores, 731M transistors, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3101&p=2
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2008-11-03), Nehalem - Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/show/2594/1
- David Kanter (2010-04-04). "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". realworldtech.com. http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT040208182719. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- Holland, Maggie (2007-09-19), IDF 2007: Intel debuts Nehalem, IT Pro, http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/125370/idf-2007-intel-debuts-nehalem.html
- (in Spanish) Everything we know about Nehalem, CHW.net, 2008-01-05, http://www.chw.net/Articulos/Intel/Todo-lo-que-sabemos-de-Intel-Nehalem-200801051919.html
- Stokes, Jon (2008-04-09), What you need to know about Intel's Nehalem CPU, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/what-you-need-to-know-about-nehalem.ars
- Torres, Gabriel (2008-03-17), Details on the Forthcoming Intel Nehalem Processor, Hardware Secrets, http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/535
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-06-05), The Nehalem Preview: Intel Does It Again, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3326
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-08-21), Nehalem – Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech, http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3382
- First Look at Nehalem Microarchitecture, X-bit Labs, 2008-11-02, http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/nehalem-microarchitecture.html
[edit] External links
- Nehalem processor at Intel.com
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