Neognathae

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Neognaths
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent
75–0Ma
Male Mandarin Duck, Aix galericulata
(Galloanserae: Anseriformes: Anatidae)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Carinatae
Subclass: Neornithes
Clade: Neognathae
Pycraft, 1900

Neognaths (Neognathae) are birds within the subclass Neornithes of the class Aves. The Neognathae include virtually all living birds; the exception belong to their sister taxon (Palaeognathae), which contains the tinamous and the flightless ratites.

There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths. Since the late Cretaceous, from which the earliest fossils are known, they have undergone an adaptive radiation producing the diversity of form, function, and behavior that we see today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest clade of land vertebrates, containing some 60% of living birds and being more than twice as speciose as rodents and about 5 times as speciose as Chiroptera (bats and flying foxes) which are the largest clades of mammals. On the other hand, there are some very small orders, usually birds of very unclear relationships like the puzzling Hoatzin.

The neognaths have fused metacarpals, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means "new jaws", but ironically it seems that the supposedly "more ancient" paleognath jaws are among the few apomorphic (more derived) features of this group as compared to the neognaths.[citation needed]

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics [edit]

For long the Neognathae were ranked as a superorder and not subdivided any further. Attempts to do so, for example in the Conspectus of Charles Lucien Bonaparte, were never accepted even by a significant majority of ornithologists. Indeed, until the 1980s there was little subdivision of the Aves in general, and even less of phylogenetic merit. Since then the availability of massive amounts of new data from fossils (especially Enantiornithes and other Mesozoic birds) as well as molecular (DNA and protein) sequences allowed scientists to refine the classification. With new groups of neognath orders being verified, the taxonomic rank of the group needed to shift. In fact, most researchers have by now employed the unranked taxa of phylogenetic nomenclature.[1]

The Neognathae are universally accepted to subdivide into two lineages, the "fowl" clade Galloanseres and the Neoaves (sometimes called "higher neognaths"). The subdivisions of the latter are still not well resolved, but several monophyletic lineages have been proposed, such as the Mirandornithes, Cypselomorphae or Metaves and Coronaves. While groups such as the former two (uniting a few closely related orders) are robustly supported, this cannot be said for the Metaves-Coronaves division for which there is no material evidence at present while the Mesozoic record of Neognathae is at present utterly devoid of birds that would have to be present if these proposed clades were real.[2]

Systematics [edit]

The orders are arranged in a sequence that attempts to follow the modern view on neognath phylogeny. It differs from the widely used Clements taxonomy as well as from the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, combining those elements from each that more modern research agrees with while updating those that are refuted. The result is at least a much better representation of the true evolutionary relationships of neognath orders. Most of the changes affect those "higher landbirds" that are sometimes united as near passerines.[3]

Neognathia [edit]

Feduccia defined the clade Neognathia as birds are whose palatal mobility increased due to the following modifications (Feduccia 1980, 1996):

Taxonomy [edit]

Neognathae taxonomy, especially the relationships of the neoavian lineages, is vey controversial. The following is based on the studies after Livezey & Zusi, 2007,[4] Hackett et al, 2008, Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011, and McCormack et al, 2012[5][6] with the official IOC naming for the avian orders:[7]


See also [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Neognathae
  1. ^ Mindell & Brown (2005)
  2. ^ For a draft phylogeny of Neoaves that is based on a review of massive amounts of published sources and probably rather close to "the real thing", see Mindell et al. (2005)
  3. ^ Mindell et al. (2005)
  4. ^ http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/neognathia.html
  5. ^ John E. McCormack et al. [http: http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1604 A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing]. 
  6. ^ http://jboyd.net/Taxo/changes.html
  7. ^ http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/family-links/

References [edit]

  • Mindell, David P. & Brown, Joseph W. (2005): The Tree of Life Web Project - Neornithes. Version of 2005-DEC-14. Retrieved 2008-JAN-08.
  • Mindell, David P.; Brown, Joseph W. & Harshman, John (2005): The Tree of Life Web Project - Neoaves. Version of 2005-DEC-14. Retrieved 2008-JAN-08.

External links [edit]

Birds (class: Aves)
Anatomy
Behaviour
Evolution

Subclass: Neornithes
(29 orders of modern birds)
Superorder: Palaeognathae
Superorder: Neognathae
Fossil birds
Human–bird interaction
Lists
 
Major clades
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