New Zealand Labour Party

New Zealand Labour Party Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa
President	Moira Coatsworth
Secretary-General	Tim Barnett
Leader	David Shearer
Deputy Leader	Grant Robertson
Founded	7 July 1916 (1916-07-07)
Headquarters	Fraser House, 160-162 Willis St, Wellington
Youth wing	Young Labour
Membership  (2010)	56,741
Ideology	Post-1980s[citation needed]  • Social liberalism  • Third Way Pre-1980s[citation needed]  • Social democracy  • Democratic socialism  • Progressivism
Political position	Centre-left
International affiliation	Socialist International (observer)
Colours	Red
MPs in the House of Representatives	34 / 121
Website
www.labour.org.nz
Politics of New Zealand Political parties Elections

The New Zealand Labour Party (Māori: Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa) is a New Zealand centre-left political party, and one of the two major parties in New Zealand politics. The party was founded in 1916, making it New Zealand's oldest political party.

Labour was last in government from 1999 to 2008 with Helen Clark as party leader and Prime Minister. Since the party's defeat in the 2008 general election, Labour has formed the second-largest (in terms of parliamentary seats) political party represented in the Parliament of New Zealand, and functions as the core of the Official Parliamentary Opposition.

Following the 2011 general election, Phil Goff and Annette King stepped down as leader and deputy leader respectively. On 13 December 2011, the parliamentary caucus voted David Shearer and Grant Robertson to replace them.

History

The Labour Party was established on 7 July 1916 in Wellington, bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation and "the Recall" of Members of Parliament, as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange. Its origins lie in the British working-class movement, heavily influenced by Australian radicalism and events such as the Waihi miners' strike. It is the oldest surviving New Zealand political party. Despite its Wellington origins, the West Coast town of Blackball is often regarded as the birthplace of the party, as it was the location of the founding of one of the main political organisations which became part of the nascent Labour Party.

Origins

The Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the oldest of which was founded in 1901. The process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.

At the turn of the century, the radical side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party, founded in 1901. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party. In 1905, a group of working class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the Independent Political Labour League, which managed to win a seat in Parliament. This established the basic dividing line in New Zealand's left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform.

In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as an organisation called the Labour Party, distinct from the modern party. Soon, however, the leaders of the new organisation decided additional effort was needed to promote left-wing cooperation, and organised a "Unity Conference". The Socialists refused to attend, but several independent labour activists agreed. The United Labour Party was born.

Soon afterwards, the labour movement was hit by the Waihi miners' strike, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement. The movement was split between supporting and opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative government of William Massey suppressed the strike by force. In the strike's aftermath, there was a major drive to end the divisions in the movement and establish a united front – another Unity Conference was called, and this time the Socialists attended. The resulting group was named the Social Democratic Party.

Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued on under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1916, yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.

Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 NZLP

Term		Electorate		Party	Elected MPs
1908–1911	17th	Wellington East		Ind. Labour League	David McLaren
1911–1914	18th	Otaki		Labour (original)	John Robertson
1911–1912	18th	Wellington South		Labour (original)	Alfred Hindmarsh
1912–1914	Changed allegiance to:			United Labour
1914–1916	19th	Wellington South		United Labour
1911–1912	18th	Wanganui		Independent	Bill Veitch
1912–1914	Changed allegiance to:			United Labour
1914–1916	19th	Wanganui		United Labour
1913–1914	18th	Grey		Social Democrat	Paddy Webb
1914–1916	19th	Grey		Social Democrat
1913–1914	18th	Lyttelton		Social Democrat	James McCombs
1914–1916	19th	Lyttelton		Social Democrat
1914–1916	19th	Dunedin North		United Labour	Andrew Walker
left aligned MP unofficially allied with Social Democrats from 1913
1911–1914	18th	Grey Lynn		Independent	John Payne
1914–1919	19th	Grey Lynn		Independent

Early days

Almost immediately, the new Labour Party became involved in the acrimonious debate about conscription, which arose during World War I – the Labour Party strongly opposed conscription, and a number of its leaders were jailed for their stand against it. This loss of leadership threatened to seriously destabilise the party, but in the end, the party survived.

In its first real electoral test as a united party, the 1919 election, Labour won eight seats. This compared with 47 for the governing Reform Party and 21 for the Liberal Party.

Although Labour had split with its more militant faction, (who went on to form various socialist parties) it maintained what were at the time radical socialist policies. Labour's 'Usehold' policy on land was in essence the replacement of freehold tenure by a system of perpetual lease from the State, with all land transfer conducted through the State(the full nationalisation of farmland). This policy was unpopular with voters and was dropped by Labour, along with other more radical policies, throughout the 1920s.

In the 1922 election, Labour more than doubled its number of seats, winning seventeen. In the 1925 election, it declined somewhat, but had the consolation of soon overtaking the Liberals as the second largest party. Harry Holland became the official Leader of the Opposition on 16 June 1926, after the Eden by-election on 15 April elected Rex Mason (Labour) to replace James Parr (Reform) who had resigned. After the 1928 election, however, the party was left in an advantageous position – the Reform Party and the new United Party (a revival of the Liberals) were tied on 27 seats each, and neither could govern without Labour support. Labour chose to back United, the party closest to its own views – this put an end to five terms of Reform Party government.

The rigours of the Great Depression brought Labour considerable popularity, but also caused tension between Labour and the United Party. In 1931, United passed a number of economic measures which Labour deemed hostile to workers, and the agreement between the two parties collapsed. United then formed a coalition government with Reform, making Labour the Opposition. The coalition retained power in the 1931 election, but gradually, the public became highly dissatisfied with its failure to resolve the country's economic problems. In the 1935 election, the Labour Party won a massive victory, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19.

Several of the early Labour Party stalwarts were Australian-born: Harry Holland, Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple, Paddy Webb, Bill Parry and later Clarence Skinner, Mabel Howard and Hugh Watt.

First Labour Government

Main article: First Labour Government of New Zealand

Michael Joseph Savage, leader of the Labour Party, became Prime Minister on 6 December 1935, marking the beginning of Labour's first term in office. The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme. Labour also pursued an alliance with the Māori Ratana movement. Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on the walls of many houses around the country.

The opposition, meanwhile, attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies, and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The year after Labour's first win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined organisation was named the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years.

Labour also faced opposition from within its ranks. While the Labour Party had been explicitly socialist at its inception, it had been gradually drifting away from its earlier radicalism. The death of the party's first leader, the "doctrinaire" Harry Holland, had marked a significant turning point in the party's history. Some within the party, however, were displeased about the changing focus of the party, most notably John A. Lee. Lee, whose views were a mixture of socialism and social credit theory, emerged as a vocal critic of the party's leadership, accusing it of behaving autocratically and of betraying the party's rank and file. After a long and bitter dispute, Lee was expelled from the party, establishing the breakaway Democratic Labour Party.

Savage died in 1940, and was replaced by Peter Fraser, who became Labour's longest-serving Prime Minister. Fraser is best known as New Zealand's leader for most of World War II. In the post-war period, however, ongoing shortages and industrial problems cost Labour considerable popularity, and the National Party, under Sidney Holland, gained ground. Finally, in the 1949 elections, Labour was defeated.

Fraser died shortly afterwards, and was replaced by Walter Nash, the long-serving Minister of Finance. It was to be some time before Labour would return to power, however – Nash lacked the charisma of his predecessors, and National won considerable support for opposing the "industrial anarchy" of the 1951 waterfront dispute. In the 1957 election, however, Labour won the narrowest of victories, and returned to office.

Second Labour Government

Main article: Second Labour Government of New Zealand

Nash, Labour's third prime minister, took office in late 1957. Upon coming to power, Labour decided that drastic measures were needed to address balance of payments concerns. This resulted in the (in)famous "Black Budget" of Arnold Nordmeyer, the new Minister of Finance. The budget raised taxes, particularly on alcohol and cigarettes, and was highly unpopular. It is widely thought to have doomed the party to defeat. In the 1960 election, the National Party was indeed victorious.

The elderly Nash retired in 1963, suffering from ill health. He was replaced by Nordmeyer, but the taint of the "Black Budget" ensured that Nordmeyer did not have any appreciable success in reversing the party's fortunes. In 1965, the leadership was assumed by the younger Norman Kirk, who many believed would revitalise the party. Labour was defeated again in the next two elections, but in the 1972 election, the party gained a significant victory.

Third Labour Government

Main article: Third Labour Government of New Zealand

New Zealand Labour 1970s – 1980s "L" logo.

Kirk proved to be an energetic Prime Minister, and introduced a number of new policies. Particularly noteworthy were his foreign policy stances, which included strong criticism of nuclear weapons testing and of South Africa's apartheid system. Kirk's health was poor, however, and was worsened by his refusal to slow the pace of his work. In 1974, Kirk was taken ill and died. He was replaced by Bill Rowling, who did not have the same charismatic appeal – in the 1975 election, Labour was defeated by National, which was led by Robert Muldoon.

Rowling remained leader of the Labour Party for some time after his defeat. In the 1978 election and the 1981 election, Labour won a larger share of the vote than National, but failed to win an equivalent number of seats. Rowling himself was compared unfavourably to Muldoon, and did not cope well with Muldoon's aggressive style. Rowling was eventually replaced by David Lange, who was seen as more able to counter Muldoon's attacks. In the 1984 election, Labour was victorious.

Fourth Labour Government

Main article: Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand

When the fourth Labour government came into power led by David Lange they uncovered a fiscal crisis that had been largely hidden by the outgoing National government. Government debt was skyrocketing, due largely to the costs of borrowing to maintain a fixed exchange rate. When the result of the election became clear Lange asked Muldoon to devalue the dollar, which he refused to do, resulting in a constitutional crisis and precipitating some of the changes in the Constitution Act 1986.

Throughout the first term of the fourth Labour government, the cabinet remained largely unified behind the radical financial, economic and policy reforms that were enacted. In 1987 Labour won a first-past-the-post election for the last time (the mixed member proportional system was introduced in 1996). It was not until this second term, which increased Labour's majority and was won mostly on the back of its anti-nuclear stance, that considerable divisions over economic policy began to arise within the cabinet. The Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, was a supporter of free market theories, and sought to implement sweeping reforms ("Rogernomics") to the economy and tax system. Others within the party, however, saw this as a betrayal of the party's left-wing roots. The party was also criticised by the Council of Trade Unions.

Opposition to Douglas's reforms remained strong – eventually, a Labour MP, Jim Anderton, left to establish the NewLabour Party, eventually forming the basis of the left-wing Alliance. At the same time, Douglas was pressing onwards, proposing a flat tax rate. Finally, David Lange forced Douglas to resign, and shortly afterwards resigned himself.

Lange was replaced by Geoffrey Palmer. Palmer, however, was unable to counter widespread discontent among Labour's traditional supporters, and a few months before the 1990 election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. The Labour Party suffered its worst defeat since it first took office in 1935.

Moore was eventually replaced by Helen Clark, who led the party in opposition to the National Party government of Jim Bolger. During the period in opposition, the party made a measured repudiation of Rogernomics, although it has never returned to its original strong left-wing stance (it defines itself today as "centre-left" rather than simply "left"). When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First allied itself with the National Party. This coalition was unstable, however, and eventually collapsed, leaving the National Party to govern as a minority government. In the 1999 election, Labour returned to power at the head of a coalition government.

Major pieces of legislation:

• Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act 1985 – extended the scope of the Waitangi Tribunal to retrospective claims dating back to the Treaty
• Constitution Act 1986 – codified important constitutional conventions
• Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986 – legalised homosexual relations
• Immigration Act 1986 – liberalised immigration, particularly skilled migration, into NZ.
• Māori Language Act 1987 – made Te Reo Māori an official language.
• State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 – established the first SOEs
• State Sector Act 1988 – made the civil service more business-like with Chief Executives instead of Permanent Secretaries
• Public Finance Act 1989 – changed the reporting and accountability for government expenditure
• Reserve Bank Act 1989 – enabled the Reserve Bank to autonomously pursue an inflation target
• New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 – enumerated civil, political and criminal procedure rights

Other initiatives:

• Establishment of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System
• Declaring New Zealand to be a nuclear-free zone

Fifth Labour Government

Recent Labour party Logo

Main article: Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand

After the 1999 election, a coalition government of Labour and the Alliance took power, with Helen Clark as Prime Minister. This government, while undertaking a number of reforms, was not particularly revolutionary when compared to previous Labour governments, and maintained a high level of popularity. The Alliance, however, fell in popularity and split internally, the latter factor being one of the reasons cited by Helen Clark for her calling the 2002 election several months early, which Labour comfortably won.

In early 2004, the Labour Party came under attack for its policies on the foreshore and seabed controversy. There were significant internal tensions within the party, eventually culminating in the resignation of junior minister Tariana Turia and her establishment of the new Māori Party.

Following the 2005 general election, Labour formed a coalition with the Progressive Party (a faction of the old Alliance), and entered into complex confidence and supply agreements with the centrist United Future and New Zealand First parties, which gave both parties' leaders a Ministerial portfolio, while remaining outside the Cabinet. A limited support agreement was also made with the Green party, whereby certain policy concessions were to be made to the Greens in return for abstention on confidence and supply votes. Labour lost power when it was defeated by the National Party in the 2008 general election.

Electoral results

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Election	# of party votes	% of party vote	# of seats won	# of seats in Parliament	Government/opposition?
1919	131,402	24.2	8	80	Opposition
1922	150,448	23.70	17	80
1925	184,650	27.20	12	80
1928	198,092	26.19	19	80
1931	244,881	34.27	24	80
1935		46.1	53	80	Government
Two-party era
1938	528,290	55.82	53	80	Government
1943		47.6	45	80
1946	536,994	51.28	42	80
1949	506,073	47.16	34	80	Opposition
1951			30	80
1954			35	80
1957			41	80	Government
1960			34	80	Opposition
1963			35	80
1966			35	80
1969			39	84
1972	677,669	48.37	55	87	Government
1975	634,453	39.56	32	87	Opposition
1978	691,076	40.41	40	92
1981	702,630	39.01	43	92
1984	829,154	42.98	57	95	Government
1987	878,448	47.96	40	97
1990	640,915	35.14	29	97	Opposition
1993	666,759	34.68	45	99
Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) era
1996	584,159	28.19	37	120	Opposition
1999	800,199	38.74	49	120	Government (coalition)
2002	838,219	41.26	52	120
2005	935,319	41.10	50	121
2008	796,880	33.99	43	122	Opposition
2011	614,936	27.48	34	121

Affiliates

The Labour Party was founded as the political arm of the trade union movement. While the formal ties between unions and the party have dwindled, there are still five unions that are directly affiliated to the party and pay affiliation fees. These unions are:

• Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union (EPMU)
• Service & Food Workers Union (SFWU)
• Maritime Union of New Zealand (MUNZ)
• New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (NZDWU)
• New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union (NZMWU)

In addition, the president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions continues to speak at the Labour Party Annual Conference.

Leaders

Helen Clark is the longest serving leader of the Labour Party. While some dispute exists as to when Harry Holland officially became leader, by 26 October 2008 Clark had passed his longest possible leadership term. Following the loss to the National Party in the 8 November 2008 elections, Helen Clark stood down as leader of the Labour Party, with Phil Goff succeeding her until the 2011 election defeat, when he stepped down on 13 December. He was replaced as leader by David Shearer after a caucus vote.

Local Members

Labour has a few prominent local councilors who ran under the banner of the Labour Party. In Auckland there is Alf Filipaina of the Manukau ward and Richard Northey of the Maungakiekie-Tamaki ward. Mayor Len Brown, despite having a life long membership to Labour, ran as an Independent in 2010 Auckland Mayoral election.

In Hamilton, former Member of parliament for Hamilton West Martin Gallagher was elected for council in 2010.

In New Plymouth former MP Harry Duynhoven has served as mayor since 2010.

Wellington has the most Labour Party councillors. With Leonie Gill of the Eastern Ward and Paul Eagle of the Southern Ward.

There are many others councillors in almost all areas of New Zealand that have previously had connections with the Labour Party, but have instead contested as independents in local elections.

List of leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party leaders:

Order	Leader	Image	Term	Leader of the Opposition	Prime Minister
1	Harry Holland		1919–1933	16 June 1926 – 18 October 1928 8 October 1933 – 1933	Did not serve as PM
2	Michael Joseph Savage		1933–1940	1933–1935	1935–1940
3	Peter Fraser		1940–1950	1949–1950	1940–1949
4	Walter Nash		1950–1963	1950–1957 1960–1963	1957–1960
5	Arnold Nordmeyer		1963–1965	1963–1965	Did not serve as PM
6	Norman Kirk		1965–1974	1965–1972	1972–1974
7	Bill Rowling		1974–1983	1975–1983	1974–1975
8	David Lange		1983–1989	1983–1984	1984–1989
9	Geoffrey Palmer		1989–1990	Did not serve as Opposition Leader	1989–1990
10	Mike Moore		1990–1993	1990–1993	1990
11	Helen Clark		1993–2008	1993–1999	1999–2008
12	Phil Goff		2008–2011	2008–2011	Did not serve as PM
13	David Shearer		2011–present	Current	Has not served as PM

List of presidents

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

The following is an incomplete list of Labour Party presidents:

President	Term
Rex Mason	1931
Frank Langstone	1933–1934
James Roberts	1937–1950
Martyn Finlay	1958–1964
Norman Kirk	1964–1969
Bill Rowling	1969–1972
Arthur Faulkner	1976–1978
Jim Anderton	1979–1984
Margaret Wilson	1984–1987
Ruth Dyson	1988–1993
Maryan Street	1993–1995
Michael Hirschfeld	1995–1999
Bob Harvey	1999–2000
Mike Williams	2000–2009
Andrew Little	2009–2011
Moira Coatsworth	2011 – current

See also

• Australian Labor Party
• City Vision, a prominent Auckland City political ticket composed of NZ Labour, Green Party and Alliance members.
• Governments of New Zealand
• Labour Party (UK)
• List of New Zealand Labour Party MPs
• Labour Party's Caucus and Labour MPs' responsibilities
• Political parties in New Zealand
• Princes Street Labour
• Vic Labour
• Young Labour (New Zealand)

External links

• Official website
• Red Alert – the Labour Party Blog
• Official web site for City Vision – the Auckland Local Government Group that includes Labour candidates